There are only a handful of signaling pathways (FGF, WNT, BMP/TGFB, HH, Notch, steroid) that shape development. Which one do you think is the most important? Sketch the signaling pathway (ligand, receptor, intercellular signaling). Defend the importance of your choice with specific examples. Identify a human disease caused by changes in this signaling pathway. Propose a way to treat the condition by modulating the pathway with genetic technology.

• Understanding the interaction between a protein and its ligand at a molecular level is important in drug design. Based on your understanding of chemical specificity, do you think drugs should be designed to be highly specific to the target site or less specific? Think about side effects and the fact that mutations (resulting in changes in protein composition) are often present – discuss advantages and disadvantages of a drug that is highly specific to its target?

What are the biological interactions that occur during the "fight or flight" reflex. In general, how do neurotransmitters and neurohormones play a role in communication between the CNS and the ENS? How do the endocrine and nervous systems work together in times of an emergency. Explain the biological changes and signs that occur during Walter Cannon's arousal reflex (the fight or flight reflex) and Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome – including the concept of reactivity.

Negative and positive feedback mechanisms used to maintain homeostasis. Describe one negative and one positive feedback regulation (8pts).

For each negative and positive feedback:

What is the variable? (0.5pt)

What is the normal range? (0.5 pt)

Which conditions may change the variable? (0.5 pt)

How the changes to be detected? (1 pt)

What is/are the responses(s)? (1pt)

What is the final effect? (0.5 pt)

For the following systems at equilibrium A:2NOCl(g)⇌2NO(g)+Cl2(g) B: H2(g)+I2(g)⇌2HI(g) classify these changes by their effect.

Drag the appropriate items to their respective bins.

Bins: leftward shift, no shift, rightward shift

Items: system A Decrease container size, system A Increase container size, system b Increase container size, system B Decrease container size

Discuss the determinants of demand (listed below) for a specific good: peanut butter. For each of the shifters, give an explicit example of a change in an external factor that shifts demand for peanut butter, then indicate whether your particular example would increase (shift rightward) or decrease (shift leftward) the demand for peanut butter.

• Number of consumers or size of the population
• Consumer taste and preferences
• Consumer income
• Related product
• Changes in Expectations

13.

A) A change to a single base pair in the sequence of a DNA molecule is called a ______ mutation.

B) If that single nucleotide change results in a protein with the exact same amino acid sequence it is called a _________ mutation.

C) If the base pair change results in an alteration of the amino acid sequence of the protein it is called a ___________ mutation.

D) If the base pair changes results in a codon for an amino acid being changed into a stop codon it is called a ________ mutation.

Following dilution of a concentrated solution, the absorbance is determined to be 3.935 on our BioTek Plate Reader. What, if any, changes should be made to this experiment?

a The sample should be diluted at least two fold

b The sample should be concentrated 2 fold

c The sample should be diluted 100 fold

d The sample should be put into a different microplate.

e There is nothing wrong with this analysis and the 3.935 should be recorded.

1. Orthostatic hypotension is defined as the failure to maintain a fairly constant blood pressure during posture changes.  List all the functional locations within the cardiovascular system where a lack of function could lead to baroreceptor reflex dysfunction.  

2..  Describe in detail an example where the nervous system affects the circulatory system.

3. Describe in detail an example where the nervous system affects the circulatory system.

Understanding how capital markets function is critical to the effective management of corporate growth opportunities as the ability to raise funds will have a direct influence on the success or failure of future projects. Discuss the following: Who are the suppliers of loanable funds? What factors influence the supply of funds available to a corporation? What influences changes in the supply and demand curves? What are the six factors that determine the nominal interest rate on a security?