15) Which of the following statements is correct regarding depreciation?  

A. Depreciation expense should be recorded in the appropriate governmental funds and recorded in the governmental activities accounts.

B.   Depreciation expense must be recorded in the governmental fund, but no depreciation expense is recorded in the governmental activities accounts.

C.    No depreciation can be recorded in any governmental fund, but depreciation expense must be recorded in the governmental activities accounts.

D. No depreciation can be recorded in any governmental fund, nor is it permissible to

         record depreciation expense in the governmental activities accounts.

            16) Which of the following statements is correct concerning interest expenditures incurred during the period of construction of capital projects?  

A. Interest expenditures may not be capitalized as part of the cost of general capital assets reported in governmental activities.

B. Interest expenditures may be capitalized as part of the cost of general capital assets reported in the governmental activities accounts at the government-wide level.

C. Interest expenditures must be capitalized as part of the cost of general capital assets reported in the capital projects fund.

D. The capitalization of interest expenditures as part of the cost of general capital assets reported in the capital projects fund is optional.

            17) When part of a progress payment for construction is withheld until final settlement of the contract, what account is credited?

A. Encumbrances.

B. Appropriations.

C. Contracts Payable—Retained Percentage.

D. Construction Expenditures.

            18) Which of the following activities or transactions would normally not be accounted for in a capital projects fund?

A. Construction of a new city jail.

B. Construction of airport runways financed by revenue bonds and to be repaid from the revenues of the city airport, an enterprise fund.

C. Lease of a building to be used as a city office building.

D. Construction of a new city park to be maintained primarily from General Fund revenues.

            19) Which of the following statements regarding debt service funds is true?

A.   Debt service funds are always accounted for on the accrual basis of accounting.

B.   GASB standards require a separate debt service fund to be established for each issuance of tax-supported or special assessment debt.

C.   A debt service fund is used only for debt service activities related to general long-term liabilities.

D.   GASB requires that annual budgets must be prepared for all debt service funds.

            20) When the City of Delray makes its annual lease payment on an unpaid capital lease obligation, the journal entry for the debt service fund accounts will include:

A. A debit to Capital Lease Obligation Payable.

B. A credit to Capital Lease Obligation Payable.

C. A debit to Capital Lease Expense.

D. A debit to Expenditures—Principal of Capital Lease Obligation.

Problem 2. The US National Park Service (NPS) believes that airborne sulfur pollution and acid rain has significantly reducing the water quality in several lakes and streams in the Adirondacks State Park in NY. Many of these water bodies are considered biologically ‘dead.’ Coal fired power plants in the Midwest contribute most of the pollution. If 70% of the sulfur pollution was removed, the NPS believes that many of the lakes and streams would return to their natural biological state. The costs and benefits associated with this project are as follows:

1. Construction cost for sulfur removal equipment = $300 million for each of the first three years of the project. (During these three years there are no other costs associated with the project.)

2. Operation and maintenance costs = $ 85 million per year (These costs begin to accrue once the project comes on-line in the fourth year. They continue to accrue over the entire life of the equipment, i.e., through the 20th year.)

3. Estimated increase in revenues earned by the Adirondacks State Park = $ 150 million per year (These additional revenues accrue so long as the sulfur reduction equipment is operating.)

4. Reduced incidence of acid rain in the Adirondacks Park area valued at: = $ 2 million per year. (These benefits begin accruing once the project comes on-line and are assumed to continue over an infinitely long time period.) Assume that the discount rate is 3% per year.

Sensitivity analysis: To determine the sensitivity of your conclusion regarding whether the project makes economic sense or not, (a) evaluate the project at a discount rate of 5% per year, and (b) assume that the estimated increase in Park revenues is $130 million per year instead of $150 million per year. You can assume a discount rate of 3% per year for this. What is your conclusion now?

Policy recommendation: Based on all your calculations, what is your overall recommendation regarding this project?

PROBLEM IV Binghamton University is building a recreation center. The estimated construction cost is $12 million with annual staffing and maintenance costs of $750,000 over the 20-year life of the project (ie, t = 0, 1, 2, …, 19). At the end of the life of the project (ie, at t = 19), Binghamton expects to be able to sell the land for $4 million, though the amount could be as low as $2 million and as high as $5 million. Analysts estimate the first-year benefits (accruing at the end of the year of the first year, ie at t =1) to be $1.2 million. They expect the annual benefit to grow in real terms due to increases in population and income. Their prediction is an annual growth rate of 4 percent, but it could be as low as 1 percent or as high as 6 percent. Analysts also estimate the real discount rate for Binghamton to be 6 percent per year, though it could be a percentage point lower or higher.

1. Calculate the present value of net benefits for this project using the analysts’ predictions.

2. Investigate the sensitivity of the present value of net benefits to alternative projections within the ranges given by the analysts. Change only one assumption at a time, and try all possible combinations of assumptions (there are 27 possible combinations).

3. Based on your analysis on parts 1 and 2 of this problem, do you think Binghamton University should build the recreation center?

Amy Richardson had been a well-paid sales manager of a major hotel chain for 15 years. Due to a hotel owner's illness, Amy was offered the opportunity to purchase a hotel near a seaside vacation area she had often visited. After obtaining a lawyer and a financial accountant to assist her, Amy did an analysis of the most recent financial statements of the hotel. Since the hotel had consistently shown a profit during the past few years, Amy thought that the price of the hotel was reasonable, so she decided to purchase the hotel. She resigned her position, obtained a loan, and purchased the hotel.

During the first year as a hotel manager, Amy received an offer from a tour operator who proposed to guarantee a considerable number of room reservations, including during the off-season. However, she turned down the offer because the tour operator asked for a 20% price reduction compared to the regular room rate. A few weeks later, she decided to shut down the restaurant, located in the main building of the hotel, in order to save expenses. With regard to general expenses, she was particularly concerned with the high room cleaning and service costs. On the sales side, although the reservations for the cheaper standard rooms were a bit sluggish, the more expensive large-size superior rooms had a very good occupancy rate of over 90%.

The following year, there was a severe economic downturn and also a very bad weather season that reduced the number of guests and also caused a resulting mold situation in the hotel building that required expensive repair work. Amy ran short of cash, became emotionally distraught, and eventually had to sell the hotel at a significant loss.

Prepare a cash budget for the first four quarters after Amy’s purchase of the hotel with any data you can imagine or find on the internet. To answer the question, invent some basic cost and revenue data. Enter the numbers directly in the table below. The table of the cash budget itself should not exceed 15-20 lines. In addition to that, make sure to explain your underlying assumptions and comment on the results in the space provided below the table.

• calculation of cash receipts, including assumptions and comments;
• calculation of cash disbursements, including assumptions and comments;
• for overall coherence / form, and overall conclusions/comments

Cash Budget for the first four quarters:

Add additional lines as needed.

CODE IN PYTHON:

Your task is to write a simple program that would allow a user to compute the cost of a road trip with a car. User will enter the total distance to be traveled in miles along with the miles per gallon (MPG) information of the car he drives and the per gallon cost of gas. Using these 3 pieces of information you can compute the gas cost of the trip.

User will also enter the number of days it will take to complete the trip. For each night (day-1 nights), user will need a hotel. We will ask for the number of stars for the hotel the user wants to stay. 5 star hotel costs $250 per night. 4 star hotel costs $180 per night. 3 star hotel costs $120 per night, 2 star hotel costs $100 per night and finally 1 star hotel costs $50 per night. Using the hotel costs and the number of nights users will need to stay at a hotel, you can compute the hotel cost of the trip.

Please note that 5 star and 4 star hotels give 10% discount if the user will be staying more than 2 nights -- (these are chain hotels, so even if you are staying at different locations discount apply).

We should also account for the cost of meals. This depends on the type of hotel the user is staying. In general, we take 20% of hotel cost as the meal cost (after 10% hotel discount if applicable).

Example Run #1

Distance: 350

MPG : 15

Gas Price: 3.79

Days Traveling : 3

Hotel Stars (1-5) : 3

Your total cost is $376.43333333333334

Example Run #2

Distance: 400

MPG : 20

Gas Price: 2.99

Days Traveling: 1

Hotel Stars (1-5): 5

Your total cost is $59.800000000000004.

Example Run #3

Distance: 150 MPG : 25 Gas Price: 1.99 Days Traveling : 2 Hotel Stars (1-5): 5 Your total cost is $311.94.

Skysong Construction Company began operations on January 1, 2017. During the year, Skysong Construction entered into a contract with Lundquist Corp. to construct a manufacturing facility. At that time, Skysong estimated that it would take 5 years to complete the facility at a total cost of $4,532,000. The total contract price for construction of the facility is $6,033,000. During the year, Skysong incurred $1,294,800 in construction costs related to the construction project. The estimated cost to complete the contract is $4,100,200. Lundquist Corp. was billed and paid 27% of the contract price. Prepare schedules to compute the amount of gross profit to be recognized for the year ended December 31, 2017, and the amount to be shown as “costs and recognized profit in excess of billings” or “billings in excess of costs and recognized profit” at December 31, 2017, under each of the following methods. (Enter negative amounts using either a negative sign preceding the number e.g. -45 or parentheses e.g. (45). If answer is 0, please enter 0. Do not leave any fields blank.) (a) Completed-contract method. Gross Profit to be recognized $ Computation of Billings on Uncompleted Contract in Excess of Related Costs under Completed-Contract Method $ $ (b) Percentage-of-completion method. Computation of Gross Profit to Be Recognized under Percentage-of-Completion Method $ $ % $

The local movie theater industry has a demand curve of P=26-.2Q for a movie showing (please note the decimal in front of the 2). It has a supply curve (MC curve) of $2, because the theater figures for each customer there will be a cleanup cost afterwards. In reality, a theater might sell food and drinks for extra profits, but this one does not.

1. What is allocative efficiency? What is the price of a ticket and number of patrons (quantity) that will result in allocative efficiency? Why is this price not practical?
2. If the theater, the only one in town, wishes to price as a monopoly, what would the price of a ticket and quantity (number of patrons) be?
3. If this theater would like to price discriminate by charging some $20 and letting them sit in the front rows, regular customers the monopoly price, and senior citizens who do not sit in the front $5, by how much would the $20 price increase profits over a regular monopoly price? By how much would the $5 price increase profits over the regular monopoly price? By having three prices instead of one, how much would profit increase by? Explain your answers and demonstrate with a graph.
4. Assume another theater opens so there are two theaters in town. The marginal cost and demand curve remain the same for the industry, but there are now two firms instead of one. Use the Cournot model of duopoly to determine the new movie theater ticket price with two theaters instead of one. Explain your answer and include a graph.
5. What would be the Lerner Index for these two theaters? What does this number measure?

The local movie theater industry has a demand curve of P=26-.2Q for a movie showing (please note the decimal in front of the 2). It has a supply curve (MC curve) of $2, because the theater figures for each customer there will be a cleanup cost afterwards. In reality, a theater might sell food and drinks for extra profits, but this one does not.

1. What is allocative efficiency? What is the price of a ticket and number of patrons (quantity) that will result in allocative efficiency? Why is this price not practical?
2. If the theater, the only one in town, wishes to price as a monopoly, what would the price of a ticket and quantity (number of patrons) be?
3. If this theater would like to price discriminate by charging some $20 and letting them sit in the front rows, regular customers the monopoly price, and senior citizens who do not sit in the front $5, by how much would the $20 price increase profits over a regular monopoly price? By how much would the $5 price increase profits over the regular monopoly price? By having three prices instead of one, how much would profit increase by? Explain your answers and demonstrate with a graph.
4. Assume another theater opens so there are two theaters in town. The marginal cost and demand curve remain the same for the industry, but there are now two firms instead of one. Use the Cournot model of duopoly to determine the new movie theater ticket price with two theaters instead of one. Explain your answer and include a graph.
5. What would be the Lerner Index for these two theaters? What does this number measure?

ABC Ltd (“ABC”) entered into a contract on 1st January 20x6 to build a factory building for its customer on its customer’s land for $20 million. The completion is expected to be in two years’ time. ABC’s policy is to bill its clients based on 60% in the first year and the balance upon completion of the project. ABC has a 31st December financial year end. It has adopted FRS 115 Revenues from Contracts with Customers and adopts the input method to measure the entity’s progress towards the complete satisfaction of the performance obligations.

At the end of 20x6, ABC has incurred actual costs of $10 million on the construction project. The estimated costs that are required to complete the project was $6 million. Actual collections in 20x6 amounted to $10.5 million.

In 20x7, a modification to the contract was required. To comply with new safety regulations, the concrete flooring was to be reinforced with steel. An electronic gantry and carpark structures were also added to the existing open-air carpark area.

The contract was increased by $5 million for the reinforced concrete flooring and $1 million for the car-park structures. The additional expected costs for the reinforced flooring was $2 million and the car park structure was $800,000. The commencement of work was to start in 20x8 and the completion date is expected to be extended for an additional year in 20x8. Billings for the additional contract price will be done in 20x8.

At the end of 20x7, the actual costs incurred and paid was $8 million, fully attributable to the construction of the factory building. An estimated cost of $5 million is further required to complete the factory building and $800,000 for the car-park. $8 million were invoiced as per the original plans, and actual collections during the year amounted to $9.5 million.

At the end of 20x8, the contracts were completed. The actual costs incurred and paid during 20x8 were as estimated during the modification agreement. A final billing of $6 million was made and actual collections amounted to $4.5 million.

Required:

(a) Discuss revenue recognition under FRS 115 Revenues from contracts with customers in view of its application to construction contracts. Please include in your discussion the costs that goes into a construction contract and the issues involved.

(b) Discuss also the impact of modifications, common reasons for modifications and how modifications are treated. Explain how the modification of the contract to change the flooring and addition of the car park structure should be treated under FRS 115 Revenues from contracts with customers.

(c) Compute the revenues, expenses and profits to be recognised for each financial year ending 31st December 20x6, 20x7 and 20x8. Illustrate the accounting for this contract by preparing the necessary journal entries to record the relevant transactions for 20x6 and the final entry to record the completion of the project. Journal narratives are not required. (Answers may be rounded to the nearest thousand dollars).

(Analysis of Percentage-of-Completion Financial Statements) In 2020, Steinrotter Construction Corp. began construction work under a 3-year contract. The contract price was $1,000,000. Steinrotter uses the percentage-of-completion method for financial accounting purposes. The income to be recognized each year is based on the proportion of cost incurred to total estimated costs for completing the contract. The financial statement presentations relating to this contract at December 31, 2020, are shown below. Balance Sheet Accounts receivable $18,000 Construction in process $65,000 Less: Billings 61,500 Costs and recognized profit in excess of billings 3,500 Income Statement Income (before tax) on the contract recognized in 2020 $19,500 Instructions

a.   How much cash was collected in 2020 on this contract?

b.   What was the initial estimated total income before tax on this contract?

Suzy’s Cool Treatz is a snow cone stand near the local park. To plan for the future, the owner wants to determine her cost behavior patterns. She has the following information available about her operating costs and the number of snow cones served.

Suzy uses the high-low method to determine her operating cost equation. What are her estimated costs at 4,214 snow cones? When calculating the variable cost per unit, round your answer to two decimal places before completing your calculations. Do not use dollar signs, commas or decimals in your answer. Input your answer to the nearest whole number.