1.

Consider the following reaction:

SO2Cl2(g)⇌SO2(g)+Cl2(g)

A reaction mixture is made containing an initial [SO2Cl2] of 2.2×10⁻² M . At equilibrium, [Cl2]=1.3×10⁻² M .

Calculate the value of the equilibrium constant (Kc).

2.

Consider the following reaction:

CO(g)+2H2(g)⇌CH3OH(g)

A reaction mixture in a 5.17-L flask at a certain temperature initially contains 27.4 g CO and 2.36 g H2. At equilibrium, the flask contains 8.67 gCH3OH.

Calculate the equilibrium constant (Kc) for the reaction at this temperature.

3.

Consider the following reaction:

CO(g)+H2O(g)⇌CO2(g)+H2(g)
Kp=0.0611 at 2000 K

A reaction mixture initially contains a CO partial pressure of 1390 torr and a H2O partial pressure of 1790 torr at 2000 K.

Calculate the equilibrium partial pressure of CO2.

4.

The following reaction was performed in a sealed vessel at 735 ∘C :

H2(g)+I2(g)⇌2HI(g)

Initially, only H2 and I2 were present at concentrations of [H2]=4.00M and [I2]=2.55M. The equilibrium concentration of I2 is 0.0200 M . What is the equilibrium constant, Kc, for the reaction at this temperature?

Gadgets&Co sells refrigerators. Any refrigerator that malfunctions within 3 years of purchase is replaced with a new one for free. Of all refrigerators, 3% fail during their first year of operation; 5% of the one-year-old refrigerators fail within their second year of operation, and 7% of the two-year-old refrigerators fail within their 3rd year of operation.

a) Estimate analytically the fraction of all refrigerators that will have to be replaced under the 3-year warranty scheme.

b) Construct and execute a simulation model (with 120 pseudo-realities) to estimate the fraction of all refrigerators that will have to be replaced under the 3-year warranty scheme. Explain and motivate your approach.

c) Assume that it costs $650 to replace a refrigerator, and Gadgets&Co sells 15,000 refrigerators per year. Estimate analytically the replacement cost savings per year that Gadgets&Co would achieve if they decreased their warranty period to 2 years. Explain and motivate your approach and results.

d) Use the results from part b to find a simulation-based estimate of the replacement cost savings per year that Gadgets&Co would achieve if they decreased their warranty period to 2 years. Explain and motivate your approach.

The term clientele effect refers to the tendency of firms to attract investors who like their dividend policies. Three potential investors are described in the table.

Indicate which type of firms they are most likely to be attracted to.

Defense Dynamics Co. is a typical company that is very concerned with meeting investors’ expectations and keeping investors happy. Its earnings tend to fluctuate from year to year because of the nature of the business the company is in. Which of these statements most likely describes Defense Dynamics Co.’s dividend policy?

Defense Dynamics Co. will be willing to increase its dividend only if it believes that it will be able to maintain the dividend increase in future years.

Defense Dynamics Co. will increase its dividends in years when it has high earnings so that it can distribute excess free cash flows to investors, even if it means that the firm will have to reduce its dividend in subsequent years.

3. a) Using only the following information:   

• ∆H°f for NO (g) is +90.4 kJ/mol
   • ∆H° = –56.6 kJ/mol for the reaction: NO (g) + 1/2 O2 (g) à  NO2 (g)  

Determine ∆H°f for NO2 (g).

b) Using only your answer to (a) and the following information:    

•∆H° = –283.0 kJ/mol for the reaction: CO (g) + 1/2 O2 (g) à  CO2 (g)  Determine ∆H° for the reaction:   4 CO (g) + 2 NO2 (g) à  4 CO2 (g) + N2 (g)

c) A 10.0-L vessel contains 5.0 atm of CO and 3.0 atm of NO2 at 25°C. How much heat (in Joules) will be liberated if this is allowed to react to completion according to the reaction in part (b)?
d) In a separate experiment using a very large reaction vessel with a movable piston, 6.00 moles of CO2 (g) reacts completely with 3.00 moles of nitrogen gas according to the following equation at 25°C and with

a constant external pressure of 2.00 atm:

4 CO2 (g) + N2 (g) à  4 CO (g) + 2 NO2 (g)     
  This reaction proceeds to completion. Calculate ∆U, q, and w for this reaction under these conditions.

26. Which of the following types of inventory accounts would be used by a wholesaler or retailer?

A) Merchandise inventory

B) Finished good inventory

C) Work in process inventory

D) Raw material inventory

27. Items should be reported as part of the company’s “inventory” at the year end, if they are?

A) Sold during period

B) Determined to be part of cost of goods sold

C) Purchased from a creditor, available for sale, and paid for the following year

D) Held in anticipation of an increase in market value

28. Which of the following accounts most likely would appear on the income statement of a merchandise company, but not on the income statement of service company?

A) Income tax expense

B) Cost of goods sold

C) Selling Expense

D) Administrative Expense

29. Tavelli Co. sold merchandise to Trapani Co. on account $17,000 terms 2/15 net 45. The cost of merchandise sold is $15,400. Tavelli Co. issued a credit memo for $1,750 for merchandise returned that originally cost $1,400. The Trapani Co. paid the invoice within the discount period. What is the amount of net sales from the above transaction?

A) $17,000

B) $14,945

C) $15,250   D) None of the above

Victoria Co. is a small textile manufacturer using machine-hours to calculate the single indirect-cost rate to allocate manufacturing overhead costs to various jobs contracted during the year. The following estimates are provided for the coming year for the company to manufacture 1,000 jackets and for the 100 jackets to be custom made for Victoria High School Science Olympiad.

  Company        Victoria High School Job

Direct materials                                $25,000                      $2,700

Direct manufacturing labor              $15,000                      $1,500

Manufacturing overhead costs         $40,000

Machine-hours (mh)                              500 mh                    60 mh

Required:

a. Determine the annual manufacturing overhead cost-allocation rate per machine hour for the Victoria Co.

b.   Determine the amount of manufacturing overhead costs allocated to the Victoria High School job.

c.   Determine the estimated total manufacturing costs for the Victoria High School job.

d.   Determine the estimated manufacturing costs for a jacket to be used in Victoria High School Olympiad.

e.   Determine the estimated manufacturing costs for Victoria Co. to make a jacket. Explain why the average cost of a jacket to manufacture by Victoria Co. is different from the custom made jacket for Victoria High School Olympiad.

Bank Reconciliation and Entries

The cash account for Pala Medical Co. at June 30, 20Y1, indicated a balance of $9,165. The bank statement indicated a balance of $10,470 on June 30, 20Y1. Comparing the bank statement and the accompanying canceled checks and memos with the records revealed the following reconciling items:

Checks outstanding totaled $3,770.

A deposit of $3,930, representing receipts of June 30, had been made too late to appear on the bank statement.

The bank collected $2,040 on a $1,940 note, including interest of $100.

A check for $770 returned with the statement had been incorrectly recorded by Pala Medical Co. as $700. The check was for the payment of an obligation to Skyline Supply Co. for a purchase on account.

A check drawn for $50 had been erroneously charged by the bank as $500.

Bank service charges for June amounted to $55.

Required:

1. Prepare a bank reconciliation.

2. Journalize the necessary entries (a.) that increase cash and (b.) that decrease cash. The accounts have not been closed. For a compound transaction, if an amount box does not require an entry, leave it blank.

3. If a balance sheet were prepared for Pala Medical Co. on June 30, 20Y1, what amount should be reported as cash?

New Macomb Wholesale Distributor made the following transactions in year 7.
Record all the transactions in general journal form.

feb 8th Bought inventory on account from Fountain Mfg. company for $18,600.00. terms 3/15, net 60.

feb 10th Paid $375 to Hare transport for shipping charges for inventory we are acquiring

feb 13th Sold merchandise on acct. to Alixx Co. for $92,500. All on acct. sales are with terms 1/10, net 30.
This merchandise cost us $55,500.

feb 16th Fountain Mfg. company issued us a 350.00 credit memo related to our purchase made on feb. 8th.

feb 17th Sold merchandise on acct. to Tyrone Sports Co. for $10,300. This merchandise cost us 9,455.

feb 19th Fully paid what is owed to Fountain Mfg.

feb 20th Alixx Co. returned 1/4 of what they purchased on the 13th.

feb 21st Alixx Co. fully paid what they owe us.

Mar 1st Tyrone Sports fully paid what they owe us.

Please add explanations to journal entires.

Show totals for debits and credits at the end.

Show All work please

a. Not all evolution is adaptive. Chance plays a role in evolution. Genetic drift can mean certain alleles increase in frequency even when they have negative fitness consequences (remember your population modeling simulations).

b. Selection varies over space. A trait may be adaptive in some other area but not in the area the organism or population currently resides.

c. Selection varies over time. A trait that might have been adaptive in the past may no longer be adaptive.

d. Physical constraints exist. Organisms “bump into” the physical realities of the world.

e. Traits are correlated. Remember this may happen for a variety of reasons. First, they may be on the same chromosome (linked) so if one is selected for the other hitchhikes along. The protein that a gene encodes or makes may have multiple functions (classic pleiotropy) or the traits may simply have a common developmental connection like arm length and digit length.

f. Historical constraints exist. Evolution does not scrap ancestral anatomy and build each new complex structure from scratch but co-opts existing structures and adapts them to new situations. Traits arise through complex evolutionary histories (not a design process). Future evolution is often constrained by traits that have already evolved. Natural selection can only “edit” variation that exists-new alleles do not arise on demand.

g. Adaptations are trade-offs. Each organism must do many different things. Changing one feature for the better might change another for the worse.

h. Evolution is without morality. Just because a trait or behavior has been selected for by natural selection does not mean it is GOOD.

i. Evolution is not progressive. Populations become better adapted to their local environment.

Which letter above goes with which number below? Basically match the letter (Short bolded statements above with their definitions) with a description below this question. Some can be used more than once.

19. ___________________Although forelimbs originally evolved for locomotion on land, birds have modified their forelimbs to fly.

20. ___________________Immune system maintenance and upregulation (“turning on”) is costly. Sexual selection, which increases male investment into reproductive traits, is expected to reduce immune function (McNamara et al 2013).

21. ___________________Scientists have hypothesized that the large, hard-shelled fruit of the calabash tree (a native of Central and South America and the Caribbean) was actually an adaptation for seed distribution by large mammals, such as the gomphothere. Unfortunately, gomphotheres went extinct over 10,000 years ago.

22. ___________________In a traffic jam your heart races and pounds and you get really angry.

23. ___________________A creature the size of a blue whale would not evolve on land because known biological materials could not provide enough support.

24. ___________________As selection increased the frequency of individuals with deeper beaks it also increased the frequency of individuals with wider beaks.

25. ___________________ When semi-aquatic animals such as muskrats and mink swim they use 2.5 to 5 times more energy than fully aquatic mammals such as dolphins and whales.

26. ___________________On a remote atoll in the Pacific a typhoon hit in 1775 reducing the human population from 20,000 to 20. At least 1 of the 20 carried a loss of function allele that when homozygous resulted in a loss of vision. That allele still persists on the island today at frequencies higher than any other population in the Pacific.

27. ___________________Polar bears are probably well adapted to Arctic but they would be a flop in the desert.

28. ___________________Human back problems are often blamed on the fact that we evolved from a tetrapod ancestor so the attachment points for muscles are not necessarily in locations that make the most sense.

Palisade Creek Co. is a merchandising business that uses the perpetual inventory system. The account balances for Palisade Creek Co. as of May 1, 2019 (unless otherwise indicated), are as follows:

During May, the last month of the fiscal year, the following transactions were completed:

Record the following transactions on page 20 of the journal. Refer to the Chart of Accounts for exact wording of account titles.

Record the following transactions on page 21 of the journal. Refer to the Chart of Accounts for exact wording of account titles.