Freezing point depression experiment

1/what effect does the presence of a nonvolatile solute have upon the freezing point of a solution?

2/Explain the diffrence between molarity and molality. What are the units on each?

3/what is the molality of a solution that contains 5.2g of urea(molar mass = 60g/mol)in 250g of benzene(c6H6)?

How does the following brief thought experiment fail to show that general relativity (GR) has a major problem in regards to black holes?

The full thought experiment is in my blog post. The post claims that GR violates its own equivalence principle at the horizon of a black hole. The principle says that the laws of physics in any sufficiently small, freely falling frame are the same as they are in an inertial frame in an idealized, gravity-free universe. Here's a condensed version of the thought experiment:

In an arbitrarily small, freely falling frame X that is falling through the horizon of a black hole, let there be a particle above the horizon that is escaping to infinity. A free-floating rod positioned alongside the particle and straddling the horizon couldn't be escaping to infinity as well, or else it'd be passing outward through the horizon. However, if instead the rod didn't extend as far down as the horizon, then in principle it could be escaping, possibly faster than the particle beside it. In an inertial frame, unlike in X, a body's freedom of movement (in principle and if only relative to other free objects in the frame) doesn't depend on the body's position or extent. Then a test of the laws of physics can distinguish X from an inertial frame. If X was equivalent to an inertial frame, I wouldn't be able to tell whether the rod could possibly be passing the particle in the outward direction, by knowing only whether the rod extends as far down as an imaginary boundary (the horizon) within the frame. If X was equivalent to an inertial frame, the rod could in principle be passing the particle in the outward direction regardless of its extent within X.

The thought experiment above takes place completely within X, which is arbitrarily small in spacetime (arbitrarily small both spatially and in duration). That is, the experiment is completely local. That the particle is escaping to infinity is a process occurring within X; it tells us that the particle won't cross the horizon during the lifetime of X. The particle needn't reach infinity before the experiment concludes.

It isn't necessary to be able to detect (by some experiment) that a horizon exists within X. It's a given (from the givens in the thought experiment) that a horizon is there. Likewise, I am free to specify the initial conditions of a particle or rod in relation to the horizon. For example, I am free to specify that the rod straddles the horizon, and draw conclusions from that. The laws of physics in X are affected by the presence and properties of the horizon regardless whether an observer in that frame detects the horizon.

It seems to me that the only way the equivalence principle is satisfiable in X is when in principle the rod can be escaping to infinity regardless of its initial position or extent in X, which would rule out black holes in a theory of gravity consistent with the principle. Otherwise, it seems the bolded sentence must be incorrect. If so, how? In other words, how can I not tell whether the rod can possibly be passing the particle in the outward direction, by knowing only whether it extends as far down as the horizon?

I'd appreciate hearing from Ted Bunn or other experts on black holes. A barrier to getting a satisfactory answer to this question is that many people believe the tidal force is so strong at the horizon that the equivalence principle can't be tested there except impossibly, within a single point in spacetime. An equation of GR (see my blog post) shows that a horizon isn't a special place in regards to the tidal force, in agreement with many texts including Ted Bunn's Black Hole FAQ. In fact the tidal force can in principle be arbitrarily weak in any size X. To weaken the tidal force in any given size X, just increase the mass of the black hole. (Or they might believe it's fine to test the principle in numerical approximation in a frame larger than a point, but not fine to test it logically in such frame anywhere. Kip Thorne disagrees, in a reference in my blog post.) Note also that the Chandra X-ray Observatory FAQ tells us that observations of black holes to date aren't confirmations of GR, rather they actually depend on the theory's validity, which is to say the existence of black holes in nature isn't proven.

Edit to add: I put a simple diagram, showing GR's violation of its own EP, at the blog post.

Edit to add: I'm awarding the bounty to dbrane, whose answer will likely retain the lead in votes, even though it's clearly incorrect as I see it. (In short, the correct answer cannot be that an infinitesimally small frame is required to test the EP. It is in fact tested in larger labs. The tidal force need only be small enough that it doesn't affect the outcome. Nor is the horizon a special place in regards to the tidal force, says GR.) I do appreciate the answers. Thanks!

Edit to add: this question hasn't been properly answered. The #1 answer below made a false assumption about the question. I've beefed up the question to address the objections in the answers below. I added my own answer to recap the objections and reach a conclusion. Please read the whole post before answering; I may have already covered your objection. Thanks!

Hi, I am running C# in Vis. Studio 2019 community. Trying to get my program to populate the username in the program after entered. I can enter a name and the three scores and average them as the program needs but the name is not adding next to the "Students name: " in the program. Any help would be appreciated and please place a note for what I am doing wrong. Thank you

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;

namespace DoprBox08
{
class CollegeStudent
{

public static void Main(string[] args)
{
Console.Title = ("College Student ");
Console.WriteLine("Please enter your name: \nand the three scores: ");

  

string name = Console.ReadLine();
int midTerm1 = int.Parse(Console.ReadLine());
int midTerm2 = int.Parse(Console.ReadLine());
int finalExam = int.Parse(Console.ReadLine());
CollegeStudent s = new CollegeStudent(name, midTerm1, midTerm2, finalExam); //Invoking the constructor

Console.WriteLine(s); //invokes ToString()
Console.ReadKey();
}
public override string ToString()
{
string str;
str = string.Format(" Student name: {0} \nSemester grade: {1}", StudentName, SemesterGrade());
Console.WriteLine();
return str;
}
private string studentName;
private int midTerm1;
private int midTerm2;
private int finalExam;

public string StudenName
{
get { return studentName; }
set { studentName = value; }
}
public int MidTerm1
{
get { return midTerm1; }
set { midTerm1 = value; }
}
public int MidTerm2
{
get { return midTerm2; }
set { midTerm1 = value; }
}
public int FinalExam
{
get { return finalExam; }
set { finalExam = value; }
}

public object StudentName { get; private set; }

public CollegeStudent(string studentName, int midTerm1, int midTerm2, int finalExam)
{
this.studentName = studentName;
this.midTerm1 = midTerm1;
this.midTerm2 = midTerm2;
this.finalExam = finalExam;
}
public double SemesterGrade()
{
double grade;
grade = 0.3 * MidTerm1 + 0.3 * MidTerm2 + 0.4 * FinalExam;
return grade;
}

}
}

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Question: This is C. Create three files to submit. Contacts....

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This is C.

Create three files to submit.

Contacts.h - Struct definition, including the data members and related function declarations

Contacts.c - Related function definitions

main.c - main() function

(2) Build the ContactNode struct per the following specifications:

Data members

char contactName[50]

char contactPhoneNum[50]

struct ContactNode* nextNodePtr

Related functions

CreateContactNode() (2 pt)

InsertContactAfter() (2 pts)

Insert a new node after node

GetNextContact() (1 pt)

Return location pointed by nextNodePtr

PrintContactNode()

Ex. of PrintContactNode() output:

Name: Roxanne Hughes
Phone number: 443-555-2864

(3) In main(), prompt the user for three contacts and output the user's input. Create three ContactNodes and use the nodes to build a linked list. (2 pts)

Ex:

Person 1
Enter name:
Roxanne Hughes
Enter phone number:
443-555-2864
You entered: Roxanne Hughes, 443-555-2864

Person 2
Enter name:
Juan Alberto Jr.
Enter phone number:
410-555-9385
You entered: Juan Alberto Jr., 410-555-9385

Person 3
Enter name:
Rachel Phillips
Enter phone number:
310-555-6610
You entered: Rachel Phillips, 310-555-6610

(4) Output the linked list. (2 pts)

Ex:

CONTACT LIST
Name: Roxanne Hughes
Phone number: 443-555-2864

Name: Juan Alberto Jr.
Phone number: 410-555-9385

Name: Rachel Phillips
Phone number: 310-555-6610

8.14 LAB: Warm up: Contacts (C Programming Only)

You will be building a linked list. Make sure to keep track of both the head and tail nodes.

(1) Create three files to submit.

• ContactNode.h - Struct definition, including the data members and related function declarations
• ContactNode.c - Related function definitions
• main.c - main() function

(2) Build the ContactNode struct per the following specifications:

• Data members
• char contactName[50]
• char contactPhoneNum[50]
• struct ContactNode* nextNodePtr
• Related functions
• CreateContactNode() (2 pt)
• InsertContactAfter() (2 pts)
  • Insert a new node after node
• GetNextContact() (1 pt)
  • Return location pointed by nextNodePtr
• PrintContactNode()

Ex. of PrintContactNode() output:

Name: Roxanne Hughes
Phone number: 443-555-2864

(3) In main(), prompt the user for three contacts and output the user's input. Create three ContactNodes and use the nodes to build a linked list. (2 pts)

Ex:

Person 1
Enter name:
Roxanne Hughes
Enter phone number:
443-555-2864
You entered: Roxanne Hughes, 443-555-2864

Person 2
Enter name:
Juan Alberto Jr.
Enter phone number:
410-555-9385
You entered: Juan Alberto Jr., 410-555-9385

Person 3
Enter name:
Rachel Phillips
Enter phone number:
310-555-6610
You entered: Rachel Phillips, 310-555-6610

(4) Output the linked list. (2 pts)

Ex:

CONTACT LIST
Name: Roxanne Hughes
Phone number: 443-555-2864

Name: Juan Alberto Jr.
Phone number: 410-555-9385

Name: Rachel Phillips
Phone number: 310-555-6610

Give the IUPAC name for each of the following carboxylic acids.

Name and describe the primary financial objectives for nonprofit organizations.

HA 440                  GRADED Assignment # 2               Name _____________________________

Completion

Complete each statement.

            1.   Expenses are ________________________ costs that have been __________________________ while doing business

            2.   Three categories of healthcare expenses are ______________________________, ________________________________ and Operations Expenses

            3.   A program can be defined as a __________________________ that has its own objectives

            4.   _____________________ costs can be specifically associated with a particular unit, department or patient

            5.   A Responsibility Center makes a manager responsible for both the __________________________ and the ____________________________ sides of a department, division, unit or program.

            6.   Period Costs are not connected with the ______________________________ process

            7.   Examples of expenses include salary expense for labor performed, __________________________________ for electricity and __________________________________________ for the use of money

            8.   Cost is the __________________________________________ expended in consideration of goods or services received or to be received

            9.   Expenses can be grouped by _________________________________________ which recognizes the different sites at which services are delivered

          10.   A program is usually funded _________________________________________ and for a ______________________________________ of time

          11.   The somewhat vague definition of a _______________________________________ is any unit for which a separate cost measurement is desired.

          12.   ______________________________________ are incurred for the sole benefit of a particular operating unit.

          13.   The concept of product costs assumes that a product has been _______________________________ and ______________________________________________ while waiting to be sold.

          14.   If Revenues are grouped by ___________________________________ or by Service Lines then Expenses should also be grouped by theses categories.

          15.   Program expenses should be grouped in such a way that they are _______________________________

          16.   The important thing is that direct costs can be ________________________. Indirect costs, on the other hand, cannot be specifically associated with a particular _____________________________

          17.   _________________________ Costs are incurred for the overall operation and not for any one unit.

          18.   In Revenue Centers, managers are responsible for generating _________________________ or _________________________________

          19.   The concept of _______________________ Costs assumes that a product has been manufactured and placed in inventory while waiting to be sold.

          20.   In healthcare organizations, product costs can be viewed as __________________________ to the cost object of the department, __________________________ or _______________________________

          21.   _________________________ represents the amount earned by an organization.

          22.   Revenue is generally defined as the value of ______________________________________________, expressed at the facility’s full established rates.

          23.   The traditional payment method in health care is that of payment ____________________________________________________

          24.   The truly traditional U.S. method of receiving revenue for services is _________________________

          25.   _______________________________________________ are the differences between the full established rate and the agreed-upon contractual rate that will be paid.

          26.   Medicare’s _____________________________________, Part ______ is the prescription drug benefit.

          27.   The __________________________________________ is the largest U.S. Government Program providing funds for medical and health-related services for the poor.

          28.   Generally speaking, conventional indemnity insurers or _______________________________________, simply pay for the eligible health services used by those individual who pay premiums for healthcare insurance.

          29.   Grouping revenue by _________________________________________ recognizes the different sites at which services are delivered.

          30.   _____________________________________________________ represents a variation on the original fee for service where a contracted discount is agreed upon