Problem Set 1: Chi Square Test of Goodness of Fit

Research Scenario: A school social worker at a middle school wants to examine whether there is a difference in the number of children who have experienced bullying in different grades (6^th – 8^th). Assume the total number of children in each grade is about equal. He administers a survey on which students self-report whether or not they have been bullied. He is only interested in the number of “yes” responses from students who report being victims of bullying. He records the frequencies of “yes” answers in the table below.

Using this table, enter the data into a new SPSS data file and run a Chi Square Test of Goodness of Fit to test whether the frequencies of being bullied are equal across the different grades. Remember to weight cases as shown in the presentation. Create a bar chart to show the relationship between the variables.

1. Paste SPSS output.  

2. Write an APA-style Results section based on your analysis. Include your bar chart as an APA-style figure as demonstrated in the APA writing presentation. This section is the most important! Thank you!

Gender in a Children’s Toy Store.

1) Can you detect a boys’ section and a girls’ section? How do you know?

2) How do the toys in the boys’ section and girls’ section differ? (Pay attention to number of toys, types of toys, content of the games, etc.)

3) How are the toys in the boys’ section and girls’ section similar?

What sorts of interactions with other children do the boys’ and girls’ toys encourage? (For example, competition or cooperation? Independence or dependence? Emotional intimacy or distance?)

4) Which toys (boys’, girls’, or both) are designed for active play? Which seem to encourage passive play?

5)For what sorts of adult roles do the boys’ and girls’ toys prepare children?

6) How might these kinds of toys influence boys’ sexual attitudes and behaviors?

7)How might these kinds of toys influence girls’ sexual attitudes and behaviors?

8)How do these observations relate to the social construction of gender?

A certain drug is used to treat asthma. In a clinical trial of the​ drug, 21 of 299 treated subjects experienced headaches​ (based on data from the​ manufacturer). At a significance level of 0.05, test the claim that less than 9% of people being treated with the asthma drug experience headaches. Use the P-Value method. Address each of the following questions:

Is this a Is this a left tailed, right tailed or two tailed test?

Are there any conditions that must be met before you can solve this problem?

What is alpha?

What is the Null and Alternative hypothesis?

What formula did you use and what is the test statistic?

What is your decision and what P-Value did you use?

In simple terms state the final conclusion that addresses the original claim.

Imagine you are the head accountant for GE Corp located in Wisconsin. In November 2017, that state had the second highest unemployment rate in the Midwest: 4.9% (down from 6.1% in January 2015). For the past few years, you have noticed that the company’s bad debt rate has been about 7% of year-end accounts receivable. That rate of bad debts has severely affected the company’s profitability…especially since management has steadily been lowering the standards for granting credit to customers.

Your salary structure (as well as that of other corporate managers) allows for a bonus when net income is equal to or greater than a specific percentage of net sales. Unfortunately, that profit metric has not been reached in four years. However, the CEO and CFO (who is retiring after the first quarter of 2018) realized that a change in the bad debts percentage would allow them and you to obtain bonuses in 2017. If bad debts were computed at 2% of year-end A/R rather than 7%, everyone would receive a reasonable (but not extreme) bonus for 2017. The CEO justifies the use of that rate by concluding that, since unemployment in Illinois has been decreasing over the past few years, so will bad debts.

a.   Is a change in a bad debts estimate permissible under generally accepted accounting principles? If yes, explain how such a change is effected. If no, explain why such a change would not be allowed

b.   Would making such a change in the bad debts estimate violate any basic accounting concepts? Explain your yes or no answer

c.   Provide at least two alternatives to help improve the company’s profit performance.

d.   You have a new baby at home as of September 2017. The bonus would help with the added expenses. Additionally, you are up for promotion to CFO next year upon the retirement of the current CFO; allowing the current CEO and CFO to receive their bonuses would certainly bring positive recommendations for that new position.

      1.   Is reducing the bad debts estimate illegal? Explain.

      2.   Is reducing the bad debts estimate unethical, given the CEO’s justification? Explain.

e.   Assume that the CEO and CFO are very adamant that the bad debts percentage be reduced in 2017 to 2% of year-end receivables. The 5% difference is not material to the financial statements. You believe that you will be terminated if you don’t make this adjustment. What should you consider in making your decision?

Think of an example from your experience, either in your work or in your role as a consumer, where you can see a use for a hypothesis test. Give an example that would involve a test of either one population mean or proportion and give an example that would involve either comparing two means or comparing two proportions. In both examples, state what the null and alternate hypothesis would be. If possible, compare that application to the possibility of error in a jury trial - and the possible ethical consequences of coming to an incorrect conclusion

Q1: The market for gold is represented by Q = 3P – 300 and Q = 8300 – 2P where Q is ounces of gold and P is the price of gold per ounce. a) What are the free market equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity of gold? b) The production of gold creates negative externalities. Give and explain two (and only two) specific and distinct negative externalities associated with gold production USING YOUR OWN WORDS. Unless you are very familiar with gold production, you will need to do some research to answer this question. c) Due to the negative externalities associated with gold production, the full social cost supply of gold is represented by Q = 2P – 500. What are the socially optimal equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity of gold? d) Why is the free market for gold inefficient? Explain in such a way that a layperson who does not know anything about economics would understand. In other words, DO NOT use terms such as total economic surplus and deadweight loss in your answer because a layperson would not know what they mean. e) What does the deadweight loss in the free market for gold equal? Show clearly how you arrived at your answer. f) What is one (and only one) government intervention that would make the free market for gold more efficient AND what impact does this government intervention have on the market?

Identify which of the following statements is false.

A. The PTI (previously taxed income) represents the balance of undistributed net income which were already taxed.

B. The AAA balance can be negative, but the shareholder's basis in the S corporation stock cannot be less than zero.

C. Tax exempt income increase the AAA and the basis of the S corporation stock.

D. An S Corporation may or may not have accumulated Earnings and Profits

Elaine owns an unincorporated manufacturing business. In 2017, she purchases and places in service $600,000 of qualifying five year equipment for use in her business. Her taxable income from the business before any section 179 deduction is $100,000. Which of the following statements is true?

A. Elaine cannot deduct any Section 179 deduction for 2017

B. Elaine can deduct $100,000 as a Section 179 deduction in 2017 with a $400,000 carryover to next year

C. Elaine can deduct $100,000 as a Section 179 deduction in 2017 with a $500,000 carryover to the next year

D. Elaine can deduct $500,000 as a section 179 deduction in 2017

Charles, an individual, owned 100% of the Alpha, an S corporation. At the first of the year, Charles' basis in Alpha was $25,000. In the current year, Alpha realized ordinary income of $1,000; and a long term capital gain of $3,000. Alpha distributed $25,000 to Charles at the end of the year. What amount of the $25,000 is taxable to Charles?

A.  $0

B.  $7,000

C. $1,000
D. $25,000

12. XYZ, Inc. just paid $2.00 dividend. Dividends are expected to grow at a 20% rate for the next five years. After that, the company has stated that the annual dividend will be $2.50 per share indefinitely. The required rate of return is 10%.

(a) What is this stock worth to you per share today?

(b) What is the expected stock price next year?

(c) What is the expected stock price 20 years from today?

Could you explain the question in detail with formula plz! I don't understand others poster answers.

Prose rhythm is characterized as the occurrence of five-syllable sequences in long passages of text. This characterization may be used to assess the similarity among passages of text and sometimes the identity of authors. The following information is based on an article by D. Wishart and S. V. Leach appearing in Computer Studies of the Humanities and Verbal Behavior (Vol. 3, pp. 90-99). Syllables were categorized as long or short. On analyzing Plato's Republic, Wishart and Leach found that about 26.1% of the five-syllable sequences are of the type in which two are short and three are long. Suppose that Greek archaeologists have found an ancient manuscript dating back to Plato's time (about 427 - 347 B.C.). A random sample of 317 five-syllable sequences from the newly discovered manuscript showed that 61 are of the type two short and three long. Do the data indicate that the population proportion of this type of five syllable sequence is different (either way) from the text of Plato's Republic? Use α = 0.01.

(a) What is the level of significance? 0.01

State the null and alternate hypotheses.

H0: p = 0.261; H1: p > 0.261

H0: p ≠ 0.261; H1: p = 0.261

H0: p = 0.261; H1: p ≠ 0.261 CORRECT

H0: p = 0.261; H1: p < 0.261

(b) What sampling distribution will you use?

The standard normal, since n·p < 5 and n·q < 5.

The Student's t, since n·p > 5 and n·q > 5.

The standard normal, since n·p > 5 and n·q > 5. CORRECT

The Student's t, since n·p < 5 and n·q < 5.

What is the value of the sample test statistic? (Round your answer to two decimal places.) _______???

(c) Find the P-value of the test statistic. (Round your answer to four decimal places.) _________????

Answer each of the following questions in detail:

a) The goal of incentive schemes is to increase productivity of employees, as well as, result in enhanced earnings to the organization. If you were asked to design an incentive scheme for a mid-sized organization working in the Manufacturing space, what are the key points that you would consider? Discuss any seven of them.

b) Assume you are a CEO of an organization. List and describe six methods that you would leverage on to keep the culture of the organization alive.

c) Your manager has asked you to think through and arrive at alternatives to performance appraisal. Discuss any 7 alternatives that you would suggest.

d) You are an internal organizational development consultant for a project in your organization, which has a powerful union and have trouble gaining support for change intervention. Describe any 6 methods that you would make use to overcome this resistance to change.

e) ‘Technology is a job stealer” What are your views on this? Reflect and illustrate with 3 examples. [5 x 8 = 40 Marks]