Methane, a powerful greenhouse gas, is generated via the anaerobic decomposition of solid waste in landfills. Collecting the methane for use as a gaseous fuel rather than allowing it to be released to the atmosphere provides an alternative to natural gas as an energy source and has a beneficial effect on the environment. If a batch of waste with mass M(tonnes) [1 tonne or 1 metric ton = 1000 kg] is deposited in a landfill at t=0, the rate of generation of methane at a later time t is given by the following equation V CH4 (t) = kL o M waste e -kt where: V CH4 (SCM CH 4 /y) = methane generation rate [SCM = m 3 (STP)] K = rate constant (y -1 ), a measure of how fast the waste decomposes L o = landfill gas yield potential [SCM CH 4 /tonne waste] M waste = tonnes of waste deposited at t= 0
a. Explain in your own words the benefits of reducing the release of methane from landfills and using the methane as a fuel instead of natural gas.
b. Starting with the above equation, derive an expression for the mass generation rate of M CH4 (t)[tonnes CH 4 /y]. Without doing any calculations, sketch the shape of a plot of M CH4 vs t from t=0 to t = 3y, and graphically show on the plot the total masses of methane generated in YEARS 1, 2, and 3 (Hint: Remember your calculus.) Then derive an expression for M CH4 (t)(tonnes CH 4 ), the total methane generated from t =0 to an arbitrary time t.
c. A new landfill has a yield potential L o = 100 SCM CH 4 /tonne waste and a rate constant k = 0.04y -1 . At the beginning of its first year, 48,000 tonnes of waste are deposited. Calculate the tonnes of methane generated from this deposit over a three-year period.
d. A junior engineer solving the problem of Part c calculates the methane produced in three years from the 48,000 waste deposit as M CH4 (t=3) = M CH4 (t=0){tonnes CH 4 /y}x 1y + M CH4 (t=1)x1 + M CH4 (t=2)x1 where M CH4 is given by the first expression derived in Part b.
-- -- -- Briefly state what the engineer is assuming about the rate of methane generation
-- -- -- - Calculate the value she would determine and the percentage error in her calculation, and show graphically what the calculated value corresponds to on another sketch of M CH4 vs t.
-- -- - The answer to Part c is 390 tonnes CH 4 . When one of the text authors first did the calculation of M, the result was 210 tonnes CH 4 . The author immediately knew that something had to be wrong in the calculation. Explain her reasoning.
e. The following amounts of waste are deposited in the landfill on January 1 in each of three consecutive years: Waste (tonnes) Year 1 48,000 Year 2 45,000 Year 3 54,000 Calculate the metric tons of methane generated through December 31 of the third year.
f. One way to avoid the environmental hazard of methane generation is to incinerate the waste before it has a chance to decompose. What problems might this alternative process introduce?

                
IPG Photonics Corporation                          
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS                          
amounts in thousands, except share and per share data                          
   "December 31,
2017"       "December 31,
2016"           Increase (Decrease)  
                          
ASSETS   Amount   Percent   Amount   Percent       Amount   Percent
Current Assets:                          
Cash and cash equivalents   $909,900        $623,855    34.9%          
Short-term investments   206,257        206,779    11.6%          
Accounts receivable, net   237,278        155,901    8.7%          
Inventories   307,712        239,010    13.4%          
Prepaid income taxes   44,944        34,128    1.9%          
Prepaid expenses and other current assets   47,919        41,289    2.3%          
Total Current Assets   1,754,010    74.1%   1,300,962    72.7%       453,048    34.8%
Long-Term Assets:                          
Deferred income taxes, net   26,976    1.1%   42,442    2.4%       (15,466)   (36.4%)
Goodwill   55,831    2.4%   19,828    1.1%       36,003    181.6%
Intangible assets, net   51,223    2.2%   28,789    1.6%       22,434    77.9%
Property, plant and equipment, net   460,206    19.4%   379,375    21.2%       80,831    21.3%
Other assets   19,009    0.8%   18,603    1.0%       406    2.2%
TOTAL ASSETS   $2,367,255    100.0%   $1,789,999    100.0%       $577,256    32.2%
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY                          
Current Liabilities                          
Current portion of long-term debt   3,604    0.2%   3,188    0.2%       416    13.0%
Accounts payable   35,109    1.5%   28,048    1.6%       7,061    25.2%
Accrued expenses and other liabilities   144,417    6.1%   102,485    5.7%       41,932    40.9%
Income taxes payable   15,773    0.7%   24,554    1.4%       (8,781)   (35.8%)
Total Current Liabilities   198,903    8.4%   158,275    8.8%       40,628    25.7%
"Deferred income taxes and other Long-Term
      Liabilities"   100,652    4.3%   36,365    2.0%       64,287    176.8%
Long-Term Debt, net of current portion   45,378    1.9%   37,635    2.1%       7,743    20.6%
Total Liabilities   344,933    14.6%   232,275    13.0%       112,658    48.5%
STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY                          
Common stock, $0.0001 par value; 175,000,000 shares authorized; 54,007,708 shares issued and 53,629,439 shares outstanding at December 31, 2017; 53,354,579 shares issued and 53,251,805 shares outstanding at December 31, 2016   5    0.0%   5    0.0%       -     0.0%
Additional paid-in capital   704,727    29.8%   650,974    36.4%       53,753    8.3%
Retained earnings   1,443,867    61.0%   1,094,108    61.1%       349,759    32.0%
Treasury stock, at cost (378,269 shares at 12/31/17 and 102,774 shares at 12/31/2016)   (48,933)   (2.1%)   (8,946)   (0.5%)       (39,987)   447.0%
Accumulated other comprehensive loss   (77,344)   (3.3%)   (178,583)   (10.0%)       101,239    (56.7%)
Noncontrolling interests   -    0.0%   166    0.0%       (166)   N/A
Total Stockholders’ Equity   2,022,322    85.4%   1,557,724    87.0%       464,598    29.8%
TOTAL LIABILITIES & STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY   $2,367,255    100.0%   $1,789,999    100.0%       $577,256    32.2%

SEE THE INSTRUCTIONS IN THE CANVAS MODULE BEFORE BEGINNING THIS ASSIGNMENT.

Use the information you calculated in the yellow cells of the "IPG Photonics Horizontal and Vertical Analysis" file (available in the Canvas module). Remember, there are two sheets (the Balance Sheet and the Income Statement) in that file. Enter the answers below and Check your Work. After getting all correct answers, make any necessary corrections in the Excel file, then use that file to help you complete the Analysis Questions in the Canvas module.

For the vertical analysis answers, write your answers with one decimal place, and do not type the % sign.

For IPG Photonics year ended December 31, 2017:

Cash and cash equivalents as a percent of Total Assets %

Short-term investments as a percent of Total Assets %

Accounts receivable, net as a percent of Total Assets %

Inventories as a percent of Total Assets %

Prepaid income taxes as a percent of Total Assets %

Prepaid expenses and other current assets as a percent of Total Assets %

Gross Profit as a percent of Net Sales %

Operating Income as a percent of Net Sales %

For the horizontal analysis answers, write the dollar amounts with no decimal places.

Include all the zeros in the answers. Remember, the amounts in the financial statements are all in thousands, so the amount of increase or decrease is also in thousands of dollars. Do not type commas in the numbers.

Write the percents with one decimal place. Do not type the percent sign.

For both the dollars and percents, use a minus sign before the number if there is a decrease.

Amount of increase (decrease) in Cash and cash equivalents from Dec. 31, 2016 to Dec. 31, 2017 $

Percent of increase (decrease) in Cash and cash equivalents from Dec. 31, 2016 to Dec. 31, 2017 %

Amount of increase (decrease) in Short-term investment from Dec. 31, 2016 to Dec. 31, 2017 $

Percent of increase (decrease) in Short-term investments from Dec. 31, 2016 to Dec. 31, 2017 %

Amount of increase (decrease) in Accounts receivable, net from Dec. 31, 2016 to Dec. 31, 2017 $

Percent of increase (decrease) in Accounts receivable, net from Dec. 31, 2016 to Dec. 31, 2017 %

Amount of increase (decrease) in Inventories from Dec. 31, 2016 to Dec. 31, 2017 $

Percent of increase (decrease) in Inventories from Dec. 31, 2016 to Dec. 31, 2017 %

Amount of increase (decrease) in Prepaid income taxes from Dec. 31, 2016 to Dec. 31, 2017 $

Percent of increase (decrease) in Prepaid income taxes from Dec. 31, 2016 to Dec. 31, 2017 %

Amount of increase (decrease) in Prepaid expenses and other current assets from Dec. 31, 2016 to Dec. 31, 2017 $

Percent of increase (decrease) in Prepaid expenses and other current assets from Dec. 31, 2016 to Dec. 31, 2017 %

For the following description of​ data, identify the​ W's, name the​ variables, specify for each variable whether its use indicates it should be treated as categorical or​ quantitative, and for any quantitative variable identify the units in which it was measured​ (or note that they were not​ provided). Specify whether the data come from a designed survey or experiment. Are the variables time series or​ cross-sectional? Report any concerns you have as well.

A certain horse race has been run every year since

18711871

in a city. The accompanying table shows the official race data for the first two races and two recent races.

Identify the​ "who." Choose the correct answer below.

A.

The horses that competed in the​ city's horse races

B.

The​ city's horse races

C.

Horse races

D.

This information is not given.

Identify the​ "what." Choose the correct answer below.

A.

​Year, winner,​ margin, jockey,​ winner's payoff,​ duration, track condition

B.

​Year, margin,​ winner's payoff, duration

C.

​Winner, jockey, track condition

D.

This information is not given.

Identify the​ "when." Choose the correct answer below.

A.

May

B.

18711871​-20052005

C.

18711871​,

18721872​,

20042004​,

and 20052005

D.

This information is not given.

Identify the​ "where." Choose the correct answer below.

A.

All race tracks in the state

B.

The city where the horse races took place

C.

United States

D.

This information is not given.

Identify the​ "why." Choose the correct answer below.

A.

To see if the same horse won in multiple years

B.

To maintain a list of the winners

C.

To compare the times of the winners from year to year

D.

This information is not given.

Identify the​ "how." Choose the correct answer below.

A.

A chronic better recorded the data.

B.

A random sample of races was taken.

C.

Official statistics were collected at the time of the race.

D.

This information is not given.

Specify the categorical variables for this problem. Select all that apply.

A.

Winner

B.

Jockey

C.

Track Condition

D.

​Winner's payoff

E.

Duration

F.

Year

G.

Margin

H.

There are no categorical variables.

Specify the quantitative variables and identify the units for this problem. Select all that apply.

A.

​Year; the units are years

B.

​Winner's payoff; the units are dollars

C.

​Winner; the units not specified

D.

Track​ condition; the units not specified

E.

​Jockey; the units not specified

F.

​Duration; the units are minutes and seconds

G.

​Margin; the units are lenghts

H.

There are no quantitative variables.

Specify whether the data come from a designed survey or experiment. Choose the correct answer below.

A.

Experiment

B.

Designed survey

C.

This information cannot be determined by the given data.

Are the variables time series or​ cross-sectional?

Time series

​Cross-sectional

Neither

Specify any concerns. Select all that apply.

A.

The data sample size was too large.

B.

There are too many quantitative variables.

C.

The data collection was done incorrectly.

D.

There are no specific concerns.

Analysis and Interpretation of Liquidity and Solvency
Balance sheets and income statements for Costco Wholesale Corporation follow.

(a) Compute Costco's financial leverage (FLEV), Spread, and noncontrolling interest (NCI) ratio for 2016; recall, NNE = NOPAT-Net income.

Remember to use negative signs with answers, when appropriate.  

2016 NNO =$Answer

million
2015 NNO =$Answer million  

2016 NNE =$Answer

million
2016 NNEP =Answer% Round NNEP to two decimal places.   

2016 FLEV        = Answer  Round FLEV to four decimal places.   
2016 Spread    = Answer% Round Spread to two decimal places.
2016 NCI ratio = Answer Round NCI ratio to four decimal places.

(b) Assume that Costco's return on equity (ROE) for 2016 is 20.71% and its return on net operating assets (RNOA) is 20.66%. Confirm computations to yield the relation: ROE = [RNOA + (FLEV X Spread)] X NCI ratio.

2016 ROE =Answer

% = [Answer%+(Answer X Answer%)] X Answer


(c) What do your computations of the nonoperating return in parts (a) and (b) imply about the company's use of borrowed funds?

Costco's FLEV is negative - meaning its non-operating assets exceed its non-operating liabilities. Costco has a high level of short term investments to use for new opportunities.

Costco's FLEV is negative - meaning its non-operating liabilities exceed its non operating assets. Costco will need to rely on debt to finance new opportunities.

Costco's FLEV is positive - meaning its non-operating assets exceed its non-operating liabilities. Costco has a high level of cash and short term investments to use for new opportunities.

Costco's FLEV is positive - meaning its non-operating liabilities exceed its non-operating assets. Costco has a high level of cash and short term investments to use for new opportunties.

Serial Problem Business Solutions LO P1, P2, P3, P4, P5

After the success of the company’s first two months, Santana Rey continues to operate Business Solutions. The November 30, 2016, unadjusted trial balance of Business Solutions (reflecting its transactions for October and November of 2016) follows.

No. Account Title Debit Credit
101 Cash $ 38,764
106 Accounts receivable 12,918
126 Computer supplies 2,645
128 Prepaid insurance 2,160
131 Prepaid rent 3,280
163 Office equipment 8,300
164 Accumulated depreciation—Office equipment $ 0
167 Computer equipment 22,400
168 Accumulated depreciation—Computer equipment 0
201 Accounts payable 0
210 Wages payable 0
236 Unearned computer services revenue 0
307 Common stock 66,000
318 Retained earnings 0
319 Dividends 5,700
403 Computer services revenue 35,779
612 Depreciation expense—Office equipment 0
613 Depreciation expense—Computer equipment 0
623 Wages expense 2,325
637 Insurance expense 0
640 Rent expense 0
652 Computer supplies expense 0
655 Advertising expense 1,708
676 Mileage expense 654
677 Miscellaneous expenses 220
684 Repairs expense—Computer 705
Totals $ 101,779 $ 101,779

Business Solutions had the following transactions and events in December 2016.

Dec. 2 Paid $950 cash to Hillside Mall for Business Solutions’s share of mall advertising costs.
3 Paid $440 cash for minor repairs to the company’s computer.
4 Received $4,550 cash from Alex’s Engineering Co. for the receivable from November.
10 Paid cash to Lyn Addie for six days of work at the rate of $105 per day.
14 Notified by Alex’s Engineering Co. that Business Solutions’s bid of $7,100 on a proposed project has been accepted. Alex’s paid a $2,500 cash advance to Business Solutions.
15 Purchased $1,400 of computer supplies on credit from Harris Office Products.
16 Sent a reminder to Gomez Co. to pay the fee for services recorded on November 8.
20 Completed a project for Liu Corporation and received $6,525 cash.
22–26 Took the week off for the holidays.
28 Received $3,400 cash from Gomez Co. on its receivable.
29 Reimbursed S. Rey for business automobile mileage (600 miles at $0.32 per mile).
31 The company paid $1,300 cash in dividends.

The following additional facts are collected for use in making adjusting entries prior to preparing financial statements for the company’s first three months:

The December 31 inventory count of computer supplies shows $590 still available.
Three months have expired since the 12-month insurance premium was paid in advance.
As of December 31, Lyn Addie has not been paid for four days of work at $105 per day.
The computer system, acquired on October 1, is expected to have a four-year life with no salvage value.
The office equipment, acquired on October 1, is expected to have a five-year life with no salvage value.
Three of the four months' prepaid rent has expired.

Required:

1. Prepare journal entries to record each of the December transactions and events for Business Solutions. (If no entry is required for a transaction/event, select "No journal entry required" in the first account field.)

2.1 Prepare adjusting entries to reflect a through f.

a) The december 31 inventory count of computer supplies shows $590 still available.

2.2 Post the journal entries to record each of the December transactions, adjusting entries to the accounts in the ledger.

General Ledger Accounts

3. Prepare an adjusted trial balance as of December 31, 2016.

4. Prepare an income statement for the three months ended December 31, 2016.

5. Prepare a statement of retained earnings equity for the three months ended December 31, 2016.

6. Prepare a balance sheet as of December 31, 2016.

7. Record and post the necessary closing entries for Business Solutions. (If no entry is required for a transaction/event, select "No Journal Entry Required" in the first account field.)

a) Record the entry to close the revenue account.
b)Record the entry to close the expense accounts.
c)Record the entry to close the income summary account.
d)Record the entry to close the dividends accounts.
8. Prepare a post-closing trial balance as of December 31, 2016.
9) Prepare the required unadjusted trial balance dated December 31, 2016
Business Solutions Unadjusted Trial Balance December 31, 2016

10) Analyze your results
For Business Solutions calculate and define the following four ratios for 12/31/2016.
Use the amounts from the financial statements
a. Return on assets (for beginning total assets use total assets use the initial investment to Common Stock for the start-up period only)
b. Debt ratio c. Profit margin ratio (Use Computer Services Revenue as Net Sales) d. Current ratio

Your body can defend you from any antigen that enters your body as long as that antigen is a foreign antigen.

How can your body generate such a diverse variety of antibodies? (2) Hint V and J chains

Find the dimensions (in inches) of the rectangular package of maximum volume subject to the constraint that the sum of the length and the girth cannot exceed 192 inches (see figure). (Hint: Maximize V = xyz subject to the constraint x + 2y + 2z = 192.)

1. Which group (or groups) of viruses must package an RNA-dependent RNA Polymerase in the capsid of the virus along with the genome?

   		Group I
   		Group II
   		Group III
   		Group IV
   		Group V
   		Group VI
   		Group VII

Find the angle θ between the vectors in radians and in degrees.

u = cos

i + sin

j, v = cos

i + sin

j

(a) radians

(b) degrees