In Chapter 16, 17 and 18 we focus more on the structure and function of organisms, as well as the emphasize the immune and reproductive systems. Respond to the following two prompts relating to these three chapters: In section 16.3 we learn about the vertebrate circulatory and respiratory systems, both of which are quite different from the respiratory and circulatory methods found in invertebrates. Use the information from this section to compare to information from a previous chapter, or other online resources to answer the following two questions: How does a closed circulatory system function differently from an open circulatory system? And can you identify any benefits to an open circulatory system? Identify two differences (either structures or functions) between gills and lungs in terms of how oxygen is captured from the environment. In section 18.3 we learn more about human reproduction, including the concept of gametogenesis or the production of egg and sperm cells in humans. Create a table or write a brief summary (whatever makes sense to you) that compares spermatogenesis and oogenesis. Include a bit of information about the hormonal control of reproduction in your comparison.

In the tale of the Blind Men and the Elephant, the men each find one area of the elephant’s body and describe what they believe an elephant to be. One believed an elephant to be a large fan. It turns out he was describing the animal’s ear. One man described its trunk as a snake, another described its leg as a tree trunk. Yet another man described a rope, yet it turns out he was handling the elephant’s tail.

Let’s see if when we describe the characteristics of microorganisms completely your colleagues will provide more accurate answers!

Choose a pathogen that can invade the human body and research it in depth. Describe as many characteristics of the microscopic structure as possible, using size, shape (such as coccus), staining characteristics (such as Gram stain), or any detail other than its name. Include the transmission, etiology, and host of the disease. Try to provide a written “picture” in your colleagues’ minds without directly giving away the answer. Your description must be complete enough to rule out any other answers and avoid confusion.

The Blind Men and the Elephant
http://www.constitution.org/col/blind_men.htm

Researchers studying factors that affect emotional state sometimes look at the saliva concentration of cortisol, a hormone that the body releases in response to stress. Saliva concentrations of cortisol in one adult human population have mean 0.75 ng/ml and a standard deviation of 0.67 ng/mL. Suppose that a random sample of 20 individuals is selected from this population, and the mean cortisol concentration is calculated.

1. (a) Calculate the mean and standard deviation for the sampling distribution of x ̄.

2. (b) For samples of this size, what must be true of the population in order for us to conclude the sampling distribution of x ̄ is normal?

3. (c) Now suppose the random sample of 20 subjects is found to have an average cortisol concentration of 0.94 ng/mL. Calculate P (x ̄ ≥ 0.94).

4. (d) Would it be considered unusual to see a sample of 20 patients with such an average concentration?

5. (e) Would it be more or less likely to see a sample of 65 people with a mean cortisol concentration greater than or equal to 0.94 ng/mL? Explain briefly, referring to the qualitative characteristics of how the shape of the sampling distribution changes with sample size.

I needed help figuring out how to do C, D, and E

Use the following information to answer questions 26 to 29. In October 1998, 30% of employed adults were satisfied with their chances for promotion. A human resource manager wants to determine if this percentage has changed significantly since then. She randomly selects 280 employed adults and find that 112 of them are completely satisfied with their chances for promotion. Is there sufficient evidence to conclude that the percentage of employed adults satisfied with their chances for promotion is significantly different from the percentage in 1998, at the α = 0.1 level of significance?

The null and alternative hypothesis are: A. H0: p = 0.3 versus H1: p ≠ 0.3 B. H0: p = 0.4 versus H1: p ≠ 0.4 C. H0: p = 0.3 versus H1: p < 0.3 D. H0: p = 0.3 versus H1: p > 0.3 5 puntos PREGUNTA

27 The t statistic is equal to: A. z = 1.65 B. z = -1.65 C. t = 3.65 D. t = -3.65

PREGUNTA 28 The critical value is equal to: A. t = ± 3.65 B. z = ± 1.65 C. z = 3.65 D. z = -1.65

PREGUNTA 29 The conclusion is to Reject the Null Hypothesis Verdadero o Falso

3. Statistics (20%). To estimate the coronavirus infection situation in a city (with large pop- ulation), the researchers randomly sample N people therein and test their body temperatures.

(a) If N = 5 and the tested results are 36.2, 38.9, 39.2, 38.4, 36.8 (◦C). Calculate the sample mean, variance, standard deviation, medium, and range. (10%)

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(b) If we want to propose a statistical model (i.e., a probability distribution) to reflect peo- ple’s average temperature in this city. How will you design the model? How to approximate the parameters in the model? (5%)

(c) As per a previous study, human body temperatures, denoted as X, satisfy normal distri- bution, where the mean is 37◦C and standard deviation 0.4◦C, i.e., X ∼ N (37, 0.4). Suppose that we test the body temperatures for 16 people in the city whose sample mean turned out to be 37.3◦C. Let’s use μ to denote the expected value of people’s body temperatures in this city and further make a null hypothesis H0: μ = 37◦C. Will you accept H0 at significance level 5% and 10%, respectively? (5%)

4. A story in the Wall Street Journal reveals that “Tall Workers Earn More Money”. Ron, the president of a company, wants to know whether the relationship between salary and height exists in his own company, and obtains the following data from the human resources department.

a. Calculate the correlation between salary and height, and describe the relationship between these two variables.

b. How much of the variability in salary can be accounted for by height?

c. Is there a significant correlation between salary and height?

Show all your work. Full marks will not be given unless all steps and all calculations are shown. For all hypothesis tests, include all steps. Remember to provide concluding statements in the proper format.

Consider a mid-size city of 3,000,000 people in the Cairo city . Suppose that its residents produce, on average, 6.0 kg a day of MSW. At present this waste is being hauled 180 miles away (in a southeasterly direction) where it is being used to fill in an abandoned open pit nickel mine. The mine and deposited wastes abut a shallow marine embayment. Seaweed, shellfish, crustaceans, and fish are harvested from this embayment and eaten by both the local fishermen and their families as well as by the residents of the city.

Facts about the waste:

55 % of the waste is composed of agricultural waste and household non-sewer organics

35 % of the waste is household waste, including paper, glass and plastics

10 % of the waste is a combination of metal, wood, chemical, petroleum, and other miscellaneous materials.

Calculate how much methane could be generated from the anaerobic decay of the landfill waste over a 10 year time period. What, if anything, could be done with this methane? Would more, less, or the same amount of methane be produced if the waste was simply incinerated? Which waste disposal method provides the biggest threat to environmental sustainability and human health? Explain your answer.

environmental fate of medications medications can enter wastewater management systems either ... Question: Environmental fate of medications Medications can enter wastewater management systems either thro... (1 bookmark) Environmental fate of medications Medications can enter wastewater management systems either through human excretions or through improper disposal. Many medications are not effectively treated by current wastewater management processes and therefore are discharged by wastewater treatment plants. Antidepressants are some of the most commonly prescribed medications in the United States, and many antidepressants are not effectively managed by wastewater treatment plants. a. A wastewater treatment plant discharges to Boulder Creek in Colorado at a rate of 64 million L/day, and the stream flow, upstream of the wastewater discharge point, is 1110 L/s. If the concentration of the antidepressant venlafaxine (Effexor) measured in the creek water is 10 ng/L, what is the mass discharged per day from the wastewater treatment plant, assuming that there are no sources other than the wastewater treatment plant, and assuming that the drug rapidly equilibrates among sediment, fish, and water? What is the concentration of the medication in the wastewater treatment plant effluent?

environmental fate of medications medications can enter wastewater management systems either ... Question: Environmental fate of medications Medications can enter wastewater management systems either thro... (1 bookmark) Environmental fate of medications Medications can enter wastewater management systems either through human excretions or through improper disposal. Many medications are not effectively treated by current wastewater management processes and therefore are discharged by wastewater treatment plants. Antidepressants are some of the most commonly prescribed medications in the United States, and many antidepressants are not effectively managed by wastewater treatment plants. a. A wastewater treatment plant discharges to Boulder Creek in Colorado at a rate of 64 million L/day, and the stream flow, upstream of the wastewater discharge point, is 1110 L/s. If the concentration of the antidepressant venlafaxine (Effexor) measured in the creek water is 10 ng/L, what is the mass discharged per day from the wastewater treatment plant, assuming that there are no sources other than the wastewater treatment plant, and assuming that the drug rapidly equilibrates among sediment, fish, and water? What is the concentration of the medication in the wastewater treatment plant effluent?

1: Identify and describe the two general functions of statistics.

2: For this question, use the human body measurements page available at http://www.wolframalpha.com/examples/HumanBodyMeasurements.html. If our patient is a 5’10” male weighing 200 pounds, is the patient’s weight above or below the mean body weight for males?

3: You are the principal investigator for a small pilot study that is testing the impact of a medication therapy management program for patients with hypertension. Your patients have the following blood pressure measurements (systolic/diastolic) at the onset of the program: Male 125/80; Female 135/90; Female 135/100; Male 155/105; Female 165/95; Male 165/115; Female 150/100; Female 145/95; Male 195/130.

(a) Summarize this data visually. Organize it and present it as a graph, chart, or table.

(b) Calculate the mean and median systolic and diastolic blood pressures for all patients. How do the mean and median measures of systolic pressure compare to one another? How do the mean and median measures of diastolic pressure compare to one another? Which of these measures would be best to represent the data?