As part of a pathophysiology lecture in a fourth year course, you are informed that two different types of G-protein coupled receptors are expressed on a human organ system. The activation of receptor-1 (R-1) causes an elevation in cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels in the cells. While the activation of receptor-2 (R-2) causes an inhibition in the rise of cAMP levels in the same cells.

Q1. Which G-protein alpha subunit is most likely associated with R-1 and R-2? 2 points R-1 = Q2.

You are further informed that activation of R-1 causes relaxation of smooth muscles in the organ expressing these receptors.

What do you think could be the possible effect of R-2 activation? 1 point

Q3. If the pathophysiology (clinical problem) in patients is excessive muscle contraction and constriction of the tissue, how can you target these two receptors to correct the underlying disorder? Note: Think in terms of agonist/antagonist for receptors R-1 and R-2. 2 points

Fill in each blank with the best word or phrase selected from the list below. Not all words or phrases will be used; each word or phrase can be used only once.

  
The formation of a symbiosis between bacteria and its eukaryotic host is typically highly species-specific and
therefore requires ____________________ on the part of the host. For the squid, this involves modifying its
mucous layer so that only ____________________ bacteria can bind. For legumes, this requires a membrane
receptor that binds species-specific ____________________ structures to identify its symbiont and allow
infection of roots to create a nitrogen-fixing nodule. Regardless of specific location, our human microflora is
enriched in ____________________ bacteria while the skin is also highly enriched with
____________________ species due to the abiotic stresses of this particular environment. Although our
microflora lack the virulence factors required to cause disease on their own, they can become
____________________ pathogens in a person with a compromised immune system.

1. Differentiate among the three classes of levers in terms of the relative position of fulcrum, effort, and load, as well as in terms of the relative power and range of motion.

2. Give examples in the human body of muscles and their associated joints to illustrate each type of lever system.

3. Define the terms prime mover (or agonist), antagonist, synergist, and fixator.

4. For a given movement, differentiate specific muscles that function as the prime mover, antagonist, synergist or fixator.

5. Explain how the name of a muscle can help identify its action, appearance, or location.

6. Define the terms tension and contraction, with respect to muscles.

7. Define the term motor unit.

8. Demonstrate isotonic and isometric contraction and interpret graphs of tension vs. time and muscle length vs. time for each type of contraction.

9. Describe, in order, the events that occur at the neuromuscular junction that elicit an action potential in the muscle fiber.

10. Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the muscular system responds to maintain homeostasis in the body

11. Explain how the muscular system relates to other body systems to maintain homeostasis

If, as some economists believe, changes in technology over recent decades have brought about changes in labor markets, then those changes likely have resulted in

a.a reduced emphasis on human-capital differences among workers as an explanation for wage differences.

b.reduced emphasis on compensating differentials as an explanation for wage differences

c.a widening of the earnings gap between high-skilled workers and low-skilled workers

d.a narrowing of the earnings gap between high-skilled workers and low-skilled workers.

Normative statements are

a.descriptive, whereas positive statements are prescriptive.

b.forward-looking, whereas positive statements are backward-looking.

c.prescriptive, whereas positive statements are descriptive.

d.backward-looking, whereas positive statements are forward-looking.

When a firm hires labor up to the point where the wage is equal to the value of the marginal product of labor, it is

a.guaranteeing that labor costs do not exceed fixed costs.

b.minimizing labor costs.

c.maximizing profit.

d.maximizing the number of workers it can hire and still experience a positive profit

6) True or False: Seroprevalence with detectable antibodies is a positive indicator of active infection.

7) There are 8 species of this virus type currently known to be endemic to humans. Name the virus type a) Herpesviruses b) Paramyxoviruses c) Gammaherpesviruses d) Papillomviruses e) Morbiliviruses

8) What percent of human pathogens are zoonotic? a) 48% b) 36% c) 66% d) 58% e) 24%

9) Which of the following is likely NOT a factor explaining why a manatee may get hit by boats on multiple occasions? a) Inability to hear the boats. b) High density of boats. c) They are in a shallow water environment much of the time, cannot dive deeper. d) Cannot respond to every sound stimulus in the environment. e) Low frequency sounds are attenuated in shallow water.

10) What does the dip in the audiogram curve signify? a) Range of worst sensitivity b) Background noise level c) Range of loudest sounds d) Range of best sensitivity e) Ultrasound

1. WHICH OF YOUR genotypes were you able to better determine after consideration of phenotypes of your parent and siblings?

2. WHY DON’T RECESSIVE traits always eventually disappear from populations?

3. WHAT FRACTION OF recessive alleles are “hidden” in heterozygotes for each of the eight single-gene traits that you studied?

4. HOW MANY GENERATIONS would it take to eliminate at least 95% of the alleles for the recessive gene for the inability to taste PTC is a tyrant eliminated those who could not taste PTC from every generation before they could pass on their recessive alleles?

5. WHY MIGHT YOU expect the locus that governs lactose tolerance/intolerance to not be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

6. WHAT MAY HAVE led to errors in your determining you total ridge count and how confident are you in the reliability of the heritability for this trait that you calculated?

7. IQ IS ANOTHER characteristic that is apparently heavily influenced by both genes and environment. What other human characteristics are likely to fall into this class?

THESE QUESTIONS ARE UNDER ECONOMIC GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT(A GOOD SUMMARY SHOULD BE GIVEN)

Q1. Suppose you are a Development Economist working at the United Nations Development Program and you are provided with the following information:

The Human Development Report shows that the HDI of South Africa was 0.653 (and its rank was 121) and that of the Peru was 0.767 (and its rank was 82). South Africa’s per capita income (in PPP dollars) was 11,192 and that of Peru was 5,678.

Comment and explain how you will analyze these countries economic development strategies?

Q2. Briefly explain what makes the Lewis model a “development” model rather than an “economic growth” model?

   Q3. During the past decade, India has invested about 22% of its GDP while China’s investment rate has been double that of India’s. India’s annual growth rate has been about 6% while that of China has been about 9%. What conclusions can you draw in terms of economic growth and development theories and models?

What are some factors that make some people healthy and others ill? Healthy People 2020 identifies five determinants of health that influence the health of individuals and populations. Healthy People 2020 describes them as "a range of personal, social, economic, and environmental factors that influence health status" (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2014, About Determinants of Health, para. 1). Determinants fall into five categories including: (a) policy making, (b) social factors, (c) health services, (d) individual behavior, and (e) biology and genetics.

Go to the "Determinants of Health" link at http://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/about/foundation-health-measures/Determinants-of-Health (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. and click on each determinant to read about them.

Choose one of the five determinants. In your post, describe this determinant and its importance.

Discuss how this determinant relates to one intervention from the Public Health Intervention Wheel (Nies & McEwen, 2015, pp. 14–15).