Project 7:   Acids and Bases

A neutralization reaction depends on the transfer of a proton, hydrogen, from one substance to another. The substance that donates the proton is an acid. That which accepts the proton is a base. pH is a measure of the molar concentration of hydrogen ion in a solution. The strength of an acid is determined by its ionization potential, or the relative amount of the hydrogen ion present in a compound that can be donated. If an acid can donate most of its hydrogen and become completely, or almost completely, ionized then it is a strong acid. Strong acids have a low pH, in the 1 – 2 range. A small potential proton donation results in a weak acid and the pH will be in the 3 – 6 range. A neutral solution, one in which the molar concentrations of hydrogen and hydroxide are equal, has a pH of 7. A predominance of free hydroxide ion in a solution indicates a base. A weak base has a pH of 8 – 11 and a strong base has a pH in the range of 12 – 14.

In order to test the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution, it is often convenient to use a substance that will change color as a result of the ion being present. Such a material is called a chemical indicator. In this experiment you will use an indicator made from red cabbage. Red cabbage works because it contains a water-soluble pigment called anthocyanin that changes color when it is mixed with an acid or a base. The pigment turns red in acidic environments and bluish green in alkaline (basic) environments. The following table shows the color corresponding to approximate pH ranges.

Procedure:

1. Tear, or cut, cabbage leaves into fairly small pieces and place them in a glass bowl.

2. Pour boiling water over the leaves to cover them completely, then let sit until the liquid is a purplish color and the solution has cooled. Remove the leaves by filtration or decantation saving the juice.

3. Pour approximately 2 Tablespoons of cabbage water into each of eight small colorless containers. Place thecontainers on plain white paper. Set one cup aside as your standard.

4. To each of the other seven containers, add a few drops of your testing solutions. Suggestions for testing solutions include, but are not limited to, lemon juice, vinegar, apple juice, baking soda, shampoo (preferably clear), conditioner (preferably clear), hand sanitizer, ammonia, laundry soap, cream of tartar and orange juice. When testing a solid material, dissolve it in water and then add a few drops of the resulting solution to a container of indicator.

Results:

1. Write the name of the solution that you tested in the appropriate box of a table.   

2. If you dilute your test solution with water before adding it to the indicator does it change the pH? Why, or why not?

3. In terms of an acid base reaction, why is Alka-Seltzer used to treat stomach aches?

4. What is acid rain and how is it a problem to oceans and rivers? (A one paragraph answer is sufficient.)

5. Include a labeled picture of your experimental results.

Essay 1

Macropoland is currently experiencing a recession--consumption and investment are very sluggish, and unemployment is quite high at 9%. Currently, inflation is very low at 0.4% (the historical average rate of inflation is about 2%). The Macropolish President has just hired you as her economic advisor. Your job is to prescribe policy that would enable the economy to recover from the recession. Explain how you could use the standard tools of expansionary monetary policy and expansionary fiscal policy to stimulate this economy towards economic growth.

Develop a response that includes examples and evidence to support your ideas, and which clearly communicates the required message to your audience. Organize your response in a clear and logical manner as appropriate for the genre of writing. Use well-structured sentences, audience-appropriate language, and correct conventions of standard American English.

In your own words!

Question B3

According to the book “The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money, John Maynard Keynes purposed the theory of liquidity preference to explain the factors that determine an economy’s interest rate.

(i) State the definition of the theory of liquidity preference.

(ii) How does the theory of liquidity preference explain downward-sloping aggregate-demand curve? Explain your answer in both words and diagrams.

What is the purpose of including the pH indicator phenol red in Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA)

Create a Java program that allows two players to play Rock, Paper, Scissors. Player 1 will enter an integer to determine whether they use rock, paper or scissors. Player 2 will also enter an integer to determine whether they use rock, paper or scissors. Use named constants for rock, paper and scissors and set their values as shown below. Use if-else statements to determine the results of the game. Use the named constants to compare with the player 1 and player 2 choices rather than hardcoding the numbers. Make sure to close your Scanner at the end of your program to avoid losing a point. When run, the program should look like the screenshots shown below.

Named constants:
ROCK = 1
PAPER = 2
SCISSORS = 3

Name your Java program RockPaperScissors.java and submit it to Canvas along with the other files specified in the “Grading” section below. Make sure your program compiles before submitting it to avoid losing points.

Example 1:
Player 1 chooses rock.
Player 2 chooses paper.
Player 2 wins!

The null and alternate hypotheses are: H0: μ1 ≤ μ2 H1: μ1 > μ2 A random sample of 22 items from the first population showed a mean of 113 and a standard deviation of 12. A sample of 16 items for the second population showed a mean of 99 and a standard deviation of 6. Use the 0.01 significant level. Find the degrees of freedom for unequal variance test. (Round down your answer to the nearest whole number.) State the decision rule for 0.010 significance level. (Round your answer to 3 decimal places.) Compute the value of the test statistic. (Round your answer to 3 decimal places.) What is your decision regarding the null hypothesis? Use the 0.01 significance level.

The null and alternate hypotheses are: H0: μ1 ≤ μ2 H1: μ1 > μ2 A random sample of 23 items from the first population showed a mean of 107 and a standard deviation of 12. A sample of 15 items for the second population showed a mean of 102 and a standard deviation of 5. Use the 0.025 significant level. Find the degrees of freedom for unequal variance test. (Round down your answer to the nearest whole number.) State the decision rule for 0.025 significance level. (Round your answer to 3 decimal places.) Compute the value of the test statistic. (Round your answer to 3 decimal places.) What is your decision regarding the null hypothesis? Use the 0.03 significance level.

I would like you to take a look at a company website of your choice. The company must be publicly traded. Explore their website to learn more about the company. After researching the company answer the 4 questions listed below. Be sure to provide specific details in your post that you found on the website for the company you chose. Be sure to provide a link to the website of the company you chose to use for this assignment.

1. What do you think are the company's overall, long term goals?

2. Develop a balanced scorecard. Include two to five measures in each of the scorecard's perspectives.

3. How would the balanced scorecard affect the way managers develop the company's strategy?

4. Explain the concept of lead and lag measures in the context of the scorecard you developed.

Assume you work for Kimberly Clark Corporation, the makers of Kleenex. The job you are presently working on requires you to decide how many Kleenexes are to be put in the new automobile glove compartment boxes.

Complete the following: 1. When do people usually need Kleenexes?

2. What type of data collection technique would you use?

3. Assume you found out that, from your sample of 81 people, on average about 57 Kleenexes are used throughout the duration of a cold, with a sample standard deviation of 15. Construct a 95% confidence interval based on the data.

4. Write a brief summary interpreting your answer in part (3).

5. Explain how you will decide how many Kleenexes will go in the boxes.