1) Describe in detail how the liver regulates both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis?

2) Please explain how the same enzymes within glycolysis and gluconeogenesis are used for both pathways?

In step 4 of glycolysis, fructose-1,6-bisphosphate is split into two three carbon products. One product has an aldehyde function; the other has a ketone function. Step 5 isomerizes the ketone to the aldehyde

Circle the aldehyde group.

Steps 1 through 5 represent the first half of glycolysis. How many molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate are produced per glucose in the first half of glycolysis?

1. What is the major byproduct of anaerobic glycolysis: ATP, NADH, lactate, or pyruvate?

2. Glucose is retained in cells because it is phosphorylated, degraded, bound, or modified by amylase?

3. Is the final product of glycolysis acetyl CoA, glucose, lactate, or pyruvate?

4. Does Glycolysis generate no ATP, 1 ATP, 2 ATPs, or NADH?

5. Are DNA ends replicated by DNA polymerase, telomerase, RNA polymerase, or primase?

The body goes through absorptive and postabsorptive states throughout the course of 24 hours, as illustrated in Figure 25-11 in your textbook. The nutrient pools (glucose, amino acid, and fatty acid) illustrated in Figure 25-1 vary in size during these states as the body absorbs these nutrients from food, uses them for energy production, puts them into or releases them from storage, or builds/breaks down body structure.The body has multiple hormonally-driven mechanisms by which to maintain a relatively constant glucose pool in order to ensure that adequate glucose is always available for the brain.  Neurons rely almost exclusively on glucose and cannot use fatty acids or amino acids as an alternate source.

The mass balance equation can be applied to the glucose pool.  Recall that the equation states that in order to maintain balance of a particular substance, the intake of that substance + its metabolic production must equal excretion of that substance + metabolic removal of that substance.

Intake + metabolic production = Excretion + metabolic removal

1. Your first task is to apply the mass balance equation to the maintenance of the glucose pool during the absorptive and postabsorptive states.  

For each state, you need to explain how each of the parts of the equation contribute to increases/decreases in the glucose pool, and the internal mechanisms that are employed to counteract those changes to restore balance. As part of your explanation, you need to include the specific organs/tissues, hormones, and metabolic processes that are involved.  For each hormone, include what leads to its release, cell types it targets, and what it stimulates the targets to do.

2. Your second task is to apply the mass balance equation to the regulation of blood glucose, or lack thereof, in someone who suffers from diabetes mellitus.   Describe what part(s) of the equation are not functioning properly.  Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus is associated with a number of classic symptoms:  excessive hunger and thirst, weight loss, and excessive urination.  Explain these symptoms by applying the mass balance equation, absorptive vs. postabsorptive states, and nutrient pools.

1) What term describe the region in space where there is a high probability of finding an electron?

a) Quantum

b) Dimension

c) Configuration

d) Orbital

2. Using the bronsted-lowry theory of acids and bases, what is the conjugate acid of HSO4?

a) H2SO4

b) 2HSO4

c) HSO4

d) SO42

3.) How is the atomic mass of any element calculated?

a) Protons plus electron

b) Protons plus neutrons

c) Electrons plus neutrons

d) It is the number of protons

4.) A one-liter balloon is composed of 0.5 mole of helium gas, what volume will 1.8 moles of helium occupy at the same temperature and pressure?

a) 4.2 liters

b) 3.6 liters

c) 0.6 liters

d) 0.3 liters

5.) What biochemical compound, produced during cellular respiration, is used as the energy currency of the cell?

a) Glycogen

b) Acetic acid

c) Lactic acid

d) Adenosine triphosphate

6.) What is the correct characteristic of nitrogen?

a) Have 10 neutrons.

b) Is a nonmetal

c) Exists in nature as monoatomic gas

d) Has 9 electrons.

7.) What type of biochemical molecule contains two or more amino acids joined by peptide bonds?

a) Protein

b) Lipids

c) Carbohydrate

d) Nucleic acid

Long ago, a workman at a dye factory fell into a vat containing hot, concentrated sulfuric and nitric acids. He dissolved completely! Since no one witnessed the accident, it was necessary to prove that he fell in so that the man’s wife could collect his insurance money. The man weighted 70 kg and a human body contains ~6.3 parts per thousand (mg/g) phosphorous. The acid in the vat was analyzed of phosphorous to see whether it contained a dissolved human.

The vat contained 8.00x10³ L of liquid and a 100.0 mL sample was analyzed. If the man did fall into the vat, what is the expected quantity of phosphorous in 100.0 mL?

The 100.0 mL sample was treated with a molybdate reagent that precipitated ammonium phosphomolybdate (NH₃)[P(Mo₁₂O₄₀)]*12H₂O. This substance was dried at 110^oC to remove waters of hydration and heated to 400^oC until it reached the constant composition P₂O₅*24MoO₃, which weighed 0.3718 g. When a fresh mixture of the same acids (not from the vat) was treated in the same manner, 0.0331 g of P₂O₅*24MoO₃ (FM 3596.46) was produced. This blank determination gives the amount of phosphorous in the starting reagents. The P₂O₅*24MoO₃ that could have come from the dissolved man is therefore 0.3387 g. How much phosphorous was present in the 100.0 mL sample? Is this quantity consistent with a dissolved man? please show work.

describe how c parvum obtains the glucose it needs for glycolysis after infected another cell. Explain the role of lactate dehydrogenase in enabling C. parvum to continue ATP by glycolysis

2. Discuss why investors do not know their investment vehicle (e.g. 401K, 403b, 457 plan, etc.) annual rate (say for the past five years) of return.

Show that the integral ( over a volume) of the curl of the vector A is equal to the integral over a closed surface (containing the volume) of A x da