Background: Based on the National Center of Health Statistics, the proportion of babies born at low birth weight (below 2,500 grams) in the United States is roughly .078, or 7.8% (based on all the births in the United States in the year 2002). A study was done in order to check whether smoking by pregnant women increases the risk of low birth weight. In other words, the researchers wanted to check whether the proportion of babies born at low birth weight among women who smoked during their pregnancy is higher than the proportion in the general population. The researchers followed a sample of 400 women who had smoked during their pregnancy and recorded the birth weight of the newborns. Based on the data, the p-value was found to be .119.

Write down the null and alternative hypotheses (H_oand H_a) that are being tested here.

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Based on the p-value, what is your conclusion (use .05 significance level)?

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Can we conclude that the results of this study provide evidence that second-hand smoking does not increase the risk of low birth weight? Why or why not?

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Need assistance responding to this discussion post in personal opinion.

You’ll find that managers are also the shareholder or the owner of a company. In these cases, the shareholders interests line up with the goal of the firm. Technically, what benefits the company would also benefit the shareholder. You’ll also see that when the shareholder or owner is not playing the manager role, there’s a disconnect between both the shareholder and manager’s interest (Stout, 2002). The manager usually would make decisions based off of what will benefit him instead of the firm’s success. An example of this would be when a manager is spending the corporate credit card to buy non-business uses of an event. This lack of connect between the shareholder and manager’s interest is called agency problem. The unnecessary use of non-business purpose on the company’s credit card or expense can decrease the profitability of that firm.

Poor performing companies have been built to take extensive defense against takeovers. When a takeover defense is made, this action triggers the defenses. When a takeover takes places, management are usually first to exit their roles in the firm. What usually increases the agency problem is putting in place a takeover defense that are not related to managerial packages. For example, continuance of underperforming will not be resulting in job loss or security. Therefore, managers are more than likely to put themselves first in this type of companies. These managers in takeover defense firms would have to put in the extra work for lower pay and also avoid such actions that can be damaging to the company.

For Hypothesis testing and Decision making problems, please do the following:

1. State the null and alternate hypothesis.

2. Write down the proper test statistic.

3. Show all calculations.

4. Show the critical value.

5. State your conclusions.

2. Some people seem to believe that you can fix anything with duct tape. Even so, many were skeptical when researchers announced that duct tape may be a more effective and less painful alternative to the more traditional technique of using liquid nitrogen to freeze warts. The article “What a Fix-it: Duct Tape Can Remove Warts” (San Luis Obispo Tribune, October 15, 2002) described a study conducted at Madigan Army Medical Center. Patients with warts were randomly assigned to either the duct tape treatment or the more traditional freezing treatment. Those in the duct tape group wore duct tape over the wart for 6 days, then removed the tape, soaked the area in water, and used an emery board to scrape the area. This process was repeated for 2 months or until the wart was gone. Data consistent with values in the article are summarized in the following table:

2a. Test whether there is an association between the type of treatment and whether wart removal was successful.

Treatment

Liquid Nitrogen Freezing Duct Tape Total

Wart Yes 60 88

Removed?   No 40 12

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100 100 200

2b. If the sample size didn’t satisfy size criteria, what statistical test would need to be employed?

Researchers investigated whether providing a fancy, foil-wrapped piece of chocolate with the dinner bill would lead to higher tips than not providing such a treat (Strohmetz et al., 2002). Ninety-two dinner parties at a restaurant in Ithaca, New York, were randomly assigned to receive such a piece of chocolate or not with their dinner bill. Of the 46 parties who received the chocolate, the average tip (as a percentage of the bill) was 17.84%, with a standard deviation of 3.06%. Of the 46 parties who did not receive the chocolate, the average tip (as a percentage of the bill) was 15.06%, with a standard deviation of 1.89%.

a. Identify the explanatory and response variables.

b. Explain why, in this case, looking at the percentage of the bill is a more useful measure than looking at the exact tip amount (as the waitress in Activity 22-4 did).

c. Is this an observational study or an experiment? Explain.
d.   Do you have enough information to check whether the technical conditions for the two-sample t-test and confidence interval are satisfied? Explain.
e.   Conduct the appropriate test of the researchers’ conjecture. Report all aspects of the test, including your test decision at the α ? 0.05 level, and summarize your conclusion.
f.   Produce and interpret a 95% confidence interval for estimating how much the chocolate adds to the tip percentage on average.
g.   Summarize your conclusions. Be sure to address issues of generalizability and causation.
h.   Describe what Type I error and Type II error mean in the context of this study. Also describe a potential consequence of each type of error for the restaurant manager and wait staff.

Data on petrol prices was collected for the Royal Automobile Club of Queensland by FuelTrac Pty Ltd. The data was collected in Toowoomba, Queensland over a nine month period from September 2002 to May 2003 with the aim of investigating complaints about excessive price differences between lead replacement petrol and unleaded petrol.

The data are monthly average fuel prices. There are nine observations on three variables.

Month The month

Unleaded The monthly average price of unleaded petrol (in cents per litre)

LRP The monthly average price of lead replacement petrol (LRP) (in cents per litre)

For each month the difference in prices is calculated and the values are shown in the table below:

Month Diff

Sep 3.4

Oct 3.6

Nov 3.7

Dec 3.8

Jan 3.9

Feb 3.7

Mar 3.8

Apr 4

May 4

You may assume that the differences in prices is normally distributed. Some computer output appears below:

One Variable Summary. Unleaded LRP Dif

Mean 85.278 89.044 3.7667
Std. Dev. 4.845 4.893 0.1936
Count 9 9 9

a) Is the lead replacement petrol more expensive than unleaded petrol? Explain why or why not? Your answer should be in the form of a hypothesis test. Justify any assumptions that need to be made in order for your results to be reliable.

b) Construct a 95% confidence interval for the average price difference between lead replacement petrol and unleaded petrol.

%% Homework A8_HW % Analyze hurricaine data over 2001-2014 and 2015-2020 time periods.% The data are provided in 2 csv files containing years and number of% hurricaines for each year in sequential order, i.e.,: 2001 4 2002 6 ...% Download the 2 csv files AtlanticHurricanes20012014.csv and% AtlanticHurricanes20152020.csv and place them in the same folder % with your m-fileclearclc% read 2 csv files into 2 arrays hurr1 and hurr2filename = 'AtlanticHurricanes20012014.csv';hurr1 = csvread(filename);filename = 'AtlanticHurricanes20152020.csv';hurr2 = csvread(filename);%% 1.Find and print the number of years in each of the two arrays%% 2. Using "reshape" and "transpose" functions, reshape the two arrays % into 2-column arrays where the first column is the year number, and % the second column is the corresponding number of hurricanes for that year%% 3. Combine the two 2-column arrays into a new single 2-column array hurrAll%% 4. Print the combined array hurrAll using the disp function % (print headings for each column)%% 5. Sort the combined array hurrAll row-by-row based on % the number of hurricanes in ascending order and print the array%% 6. Using "find" function, find the years with minimal and maximal % numbers of hurricanes. Print these years along with respective % hurricaine numbers using "fprintf" function

This is MATLAB and the documents are a single row array as follows: (THIS IS THE INFO NEEDING TO BE SORTED)

hurr1 = 2010 9 2011 8 2012 7 2013 6

hurr2 = 2014 6 2015 7 2016 8 2017 9

Average hourly earnings in the U.S. retail trade industry (in current dollars and constant dollars) are shown in the table.

a. Define the terms current dollars and constant dollars. You will have to

look these terms up

b. Find the least squares regression line that approximates the average hourly earnings in both current dollars and constant dollars for this industry. Find the correlation coefficient in both cases. Comment on the meanings of the correlation coefficients.

c. Find where the two regression lines that you obtained in part b intersect. What does this point mean?

d. What are the slopes of the regression lines? What do they mean? (Use correct units.) What does this say about the long-term prospects of retail trade industry employees?

e. Use the regression lines to estimate the difference in current dollar and constant dollar hourly earnings in the year 2005.

Graph both of the regression lines on the same set of axes. (in Excel)

If you were a union negotiator for employees in the retail trade industry, how would you use this information?

1. Use function notation when you write the linear regression equations.
2. Use descriptive variables.
3. Precisely define the variables.
4. Make sure you show your work for questions c and e.
5. You should only have one graph. It should contain both regression equations and the data.

Wageweb conducts surveys of salary data and presents summaries on its website. Based on salary data as of October 1, 2002, Wageweb reported that the average annual salary for sales vice presidents was $142,111, with an average annual bonus of $15,432. Assume the following data are a sample of the annual salary and bonus for 10 sales vice presidents. Data are in thousands of dollars.

1. Develop a scatter diagram for these data with salary as the independent variable, x and bonus as the dependent variable, y.

2. What does the scatter diagram developed in part a) indicate about the relationship between salary and bonus?

3. Use the least squares method to develop the estimated regression equation. We can call intercept for the regression line, b0 and slope of the regression line, b1.

4. Provide an interpretation for the slope of the estimated regression equation.

5. Predict the bonus for a vice president with an annual salary of $120,000.

6. Compute SST, SSR, and SSE

7. Compute the coefficient of determination r2. Comment on the goodness of fit.

8. What is the value of the sample correlation coefficient?

9. Develop the null and alternative hypothesis to test the linear relationship between salary and bonus

10. At the .05 level of significance, determine whether salary and bonus are linearly related. Use the t test.

11. Solve the problem in Excel and compare your results.

Rapid advances in the field of molecular and cellular biology have unwillingly unleashed the potential for creating viruses and bacteria more virulent than nature's worst. In the summer of 2002, Researchers at the State University of New York at Stony Brook described the first de novo biochemical synthesis of a virus, based on published gene sequence information and using "off the shelf" commercially available DNA material. After they pieced together genetic sequences to form a full-length poliovirus, they successfully replicated and translated this material cell-free in test tubes. The resulting nucleic acids and proteins were then able to assemble spontaneously into fully infectious viral agents. The scientists began their work from genetic blueprints that exist in the public domain, that is, in published journal articles and on internet databases. The ability to manufacture an infectious agent from scratch using preexisting, published knowledge is an unsettling development. The theoretical possibility that current knowledge could permit the creation of potential agents of biological warfare generated intense media interest around the world. As a result of studies like that at Stony Brook, an ethical debate has arisen over whether such research should be pursued, and if so, whether the details of such research should be published. Some argue that the pursuit and publication of such research unwittingly aids would-be terrorists; others argue that the dissemination of information is necessary for the effective sharing of research within the scientific community and for science to progress.

In 250-300 words, explain which side of the debate you support and why (TYPE ANSWER PLEASE).

Give more details on the following answer

Question:

Give a detailed explanation about what is happening with the oil prices.

mention coronavirus, OPEC, Saudi Arabia.

give references

Answer:

Oil prices is dropping.Major causes behind the fall is given below:

• Increase in Supply.
• Decrease in demand and
• fall of monopoly power in oil producers.

The price of oil sunk to levels not seen since 2002 as demand for crude collapses amid the coronavirus pandemic.Oil prices have fallen by more than half during the past month as companies cut back or close production.Oil prices failed to keep pace,with growing (coronavirus)lock down measures and that could drive global demand down 20%,potentially pushing the world to run out of storage capacity.

Organization of petroleum exporting countries (OPEC) controls almost 80%of the world's oil reserves.OPEC is the main influencer in fluctuations in oil prices.OPEC and its allies due to covid 19 outbreak,agreed to historic production cuts to stabilize prices,but they dropped to 20 years lows.Supply and demand influences oil prices to change.From global perspective,political instability in middle east causes oil prices to change.

Saudi Arabia is the second largest oil producer in the world.It will suffer financially from cheap oil.It can afford temporary falls in oil prices because they have substantial reserves.If low prices persist,Saudi Arabia may have to cut back on some of the social programms.

References:

BBC News(30 March 2020) Coronavirus:oil price collapses to lowest level for 18 years