1. Which of the following statements about the adrenergic receptors is TRUE? Select one:

a. Alpha 1, alpha 2, and beta 1 receptors have greater affinity (or sensitivity) to norepinephrine than epinephrine.

b. Beta 2 receptor has an equal affinity for norepinephrine and epinephrine while beta 3 receptor has a greater affinity for epinephrine than norepinephrine.

c. Beta 1, beta 2, and beta 3 receptors increase cAMP but only beta 1 receptor causes an excitatory response in the heart muscle.

d. Alpha 1receptor activates cAMP and causes an excitatory response to most of the sympathetic target tissues.

e. Alpha 2 activates cAMP and causes an inhibitory response in the gastrointestinal tract.

2. Which line of defense mechanisms against acid-base disturbances will be the quickest to maintain blood pH?

a. Buffered by bicarbonate in the blood

b. Respiratory compensation by expiration of carbon dioxide

c. Renal compensation by tubular reabsorption of bicarbonate and tubular secretion of H⁺

3. Which of the following is TRUE about the signal transduction for cyclic AMP (cAMP)?

a. Beta 1, Beta 2, and Beta 3 increases cAMP while Alpha 2 deactivates cAMP.   

b. Epinephrine and norepinephrine are first messengers that bind equally to Beta 1 receptors to activate adenylyl cyclase in the heart muscle or kidney.

c. Adenylyl cyclase, an amplifier enzyme, converts an intracellular ATP into cAMP, a second messenger.

d. Cyclic AMP (cAMP) activates protein kinase A. Protein kinase A phosphorylates other proteins that will lead into a cellular response.

e. All of the above

f. None of the above

The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is a signalling pathway that acts as a homeostatic regulator of vascular function. Its systemic actions include the regulation of blood pressure, natriuresis, and blood volume control. ACE2 is a type 1 integral membrane glycoprotein, that is expressed and active in most tissues. The highest expression of ACE2 is observed in the kidney, the endothelium, the lungs, and in the heart. ACE2 is the angiotensin-converting enzyme II.

It has been reported that ACE2 is the main host cell receptor of 2019-nCoV. It plays a crucial role in the entry of the virus into the cell to cause the final infection.

One study (*) reports the ACE2 expressed on the mucosa of oral cavity. They analyzed RNA-seq profiling data of 13 organ types with para-carcinoma normal tissues from TCGA, 14 organ types with normal tissues from FANTOM5 CAGE, and single-cell transcriptomes from independent data. They concluded that the oral cavity could be a potentially high risk for 2019-nCoV infectious.

TCGA - The Cancer Genome Atlas

FANTOM5 CAGE - The Mammalian Genome Cap Analysis of Gene Expression

(*) Xu, H., Zhong, L., Deng, J. et al. High expression of ACE2 receptor of 2019-nCoV on the epithelial cells of oral mucosa. Int J Oral Sci 12, 8 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41368-020-0074-x

Question: How can you design a project to study a mechanism of RAS upregulation by 2019-nCoV?

Hint: You can choose one problem (for example, blood pressure). Why are patients with high blood pressure more susceptible to 2019-nCoV infection? How can you study the upregulation of the RAS pathway?

The following events were completed by Dana’s Imports in September 2018:

Required

1. Record each event in a statements model like the following one. In the Cash Flow column, use OA to designate operating activity, IA for investment activity, FA for financing activity, or NC for net change in cash. If the element is not affected by the event, leave the cell blank. The first event is recorded as an example.

2. Prepare an income statement for the month ending September 30.

3. Prepare a statement of cash flows for the month ending September 30.

Problem: Sam has requested that you (1) identify all of the cash flows for this project, (2) calculate the project's NPV and IRR, and (3) provide your recommendation regarding whether the project should be accepted or rejected. The details of your cash-flow projections should be clearly presented. Show all work.

ABC Company is examining a new capital-investment proposal that would greatly increase the production of diapers. The proposal involves an investment in some machines that would increase the firm's efficiency at producing and preparing for export the top-quality diapers for which the region has become well-known. The purchase price of this machinery is $840,000 and installation costs would total $60,000. The equipment would have a useful life of 5 years and, for tax purposes, depreciation charges would be according to the 7-year-asset MACRS schedule. The machinery cost and the installation costs should be capitalized at t=0 and fully depreciated using the MACRS schedule. Management expects the machinery to be sold for a scrap value of $210,790 at the end of year 5. Ramon Rodriguez, the firm's accountant, pointed out that the portion of the factory that would house this new equipment machinery underwent a major 'renovation' 15 months ago with a total cost of $105,200. Because the project would not have been feasible without the renovation, Ramon suggests that the costs of the renovation should be allocated to the project as one of its initial expenses. Interest charges associated with this investment’s financing have been estimated at approximately $70,000 per year, for each year of the project's estimated useful life. The incremental sales (revenues) projections for this investment are shown near the end of this problem statement. Variable operating costs, excluding depreciation, are projected to be 40% of same-year sales. Incremental fixed costs (for maintenance, etc.) are projected to be $25,000 in the first year. For each of the remaining years of operation, this fixed-cost component is projected to increase by 2% per year. If the new machinery is purchased, some of ABC Company’s Net Working Capital (NWC) accounts will be affected. The schedule near the end of the problem statement shows balances for Accounts Receivable, Inventory, and Accounts Payable across the project’s life. Of course, you’ll need to use this information to build the NWC Tracker, which in turn feeds into the ΔNet Working Capital term in the cash-flow worksheet. The Chief Financial Officer of ABC Company, Sam Sand, requests your assistance in preparing an analysis of the net cash flow projections for the proposed investment. Sam believes that the systematic risk of this project is similar to the average systematic risk of other ABC projects. The firm-level required return (also called “hurdle rate” in business lingo) is 10%/year. Sam also indicates that 30% is the appropriate tax rate for this entire analysis. You also have the following information: Sales projections are these for years 1-5: $300,000, $420,000, $510,000, $600,000, and $480,000. The MACRS depreciation schedule for a 7-year asset is as follows: year 1: 14.29%; year 2: 24.49%; year 3: 17.49%; year 4: 12.49%; year 5: 8.93%; year 6: 8.92%; year 7: 8.93%; and year 8: 4.46%. Next, here is the schedule for the various working-capital accounts that will be affected if the project is undertaken:

1.Which of the following is true? a.Economics is the study of the production and distribution of money. b.Economists study human decision making in the face of scarcity. c.Economists use controlled experiments to test all of their theories especially in macroeconomics. d.Economists assume that resources are infinite.

2.What is true about trade-offs?a. Trade-offs occur only when there is a market exchange, i.e. a trade. b.Trade-offs are a consequence of scarcity and human insatiability. Tc.rade-offs never incur or involve opportunity costs. d.Trade-offs happen only on the microeconomic scale.

3.Which of the following is an example of a normative, as opposed to positive, statement? a.Water boils at the temperature of 150 degrees Celsius.b. Society should be organized according to principles of justice. c.John Rawls is the author of a book "A Theory of Justice." d.The Organization of Petrolium Exporting Countries (OPEC) decreased oil production in the 1970s and this fall in supply led to an increase in the price of oil.

4.Which of the following statements is FALSE? Group of answer choices The phenomenon of diminishing marginal product implies that the marginal cost of production will start rising as more of the good is produced. Average total cost curve is U-shaped. When long run average total cost falls as production rises, the firm is experiencing economies of scale Average total cost curve always crosses marginal cost curve at the minimum of marginal cost.

5.Which one of the following scenarios would be an example of creative destruction? Group of answer choices a.A firm producing food blenders uses cheaper materials and components which lead to a short life span of their product. b. The increased wear and tear of industrial tractors leads to their quicker than expected replacement by U.S. farmers. c. An increased demand for oil from countries such as China and India leads to higher prices of oil on the world market and a more intensive environmentally destructive extraction of oil by existing producers. d.The introduction of google glasses into the market and a quick rise in their popularity drive companies which produce only smart phones out of business.

Thank you so much.

This TED talk was not only interesting and eye-opening but also scary and thought-provoking. I believe that Sam Haris is doing a great job at introducing these kind of talks within our society because many people forget to look at the bad things and negative consequences that could arise from creating a machine or robot that exceeds human intelligence. In many ways, this topic can seem very appealing when you first hear about it. Think about it, we would have the help of machines that are much more intelligent than us and that can work and understand things at a speed that we would be unable to achieve. But this can also cause several problems. For instance, Haris mentions that if these machines were to start working at the same time as a Stanford or MIT group, they would be able to get more than 20,000 years of human level intellectual work. This would not be able to last long as the machines would realize that we cannot keep up and they might decide to "eliminate us", in the same way that Haris says we "annihilate ants when they are in our way". I also like the fact that he shows us how short 50 years is actually because many people use the excuse that it might not affect them because they won't be alive. However, this seems to be a very selfish approach since if it doesn't affect you directly, it will at some point affect your children, or grandchildren.

In topics that create so much controversy I think it is difficult to see what will be the outcome. Nonetheless, I do believe that it is necessary to bring up difficult topics such as these so that we are really aware of what all the outcomes are. For example, I had never even imagined the fact that these machines could be so superior to us that it ends up being a problem and could lead to a war between humans and machines. These thoughts can seem ironical or even surreal but it could happen because as Haris mentions, " we hvae no idea how long it will take us to create the conditions to create these machines safely".

Confidence Intervals for a proportion and mean Do all steps in the confidence interval:

a) Check when easy the requirements for the interval (t-interval)

b) Create a summary of the information that goes into the interval

c) Write out the formula for the interval

d) Replace the symbols in the formula with the numbers from (b)

e) Produce the interval

f) Interpret the interval

In 1998, as an advertising campaign, the Nabisco Company announced a "1000 Chips Challenge," claiming that every 18-ounce bag of cookies contained at least 1000 chocolate chips. Students tested this by getting bags and counting. Create a 95% interval for the mean number of chocolate chips per bag.

An insurance company checks police records on 582 accidents selected at random and notes that teenagers were at the wheel in 91 of them. Create a 95% confidence interval for the percentage of all auto accidents that involve teenage drivers.

A company with a large fleet of cars hopes to keep gasoline costs down and sets a goal of attaining a fleet average of at least 26 miles per gallon. To see if the goal is being met, they check the gasoline usage for 50 company trips chosen at random, finding a mean of 25.02 mpg and a standard deviation of 4.83 mpg. Produce a 99% confidence interval for the average mpg.

A May 2007 Gallup Poll found that only 11% of a random sample of 1003 adults approved of attemps to clone a human. Produce a 90% confidence interval for the percentage of adults that approve of attempts to clone a human

The mayor of a small city suggested that the state locate a new prison there, arguing that the construction project and resulting jobs will be good for the local economy. A total of 2183 residents show up for a public hearing on the proposal, and a show of hands finds only 31 in favor of the prison project. What can the city council conclude about public support for the mayor's initiative? Produce a 98% confidence interval to answer the question.

Essay Questions:

45.   First, write out the equilibrium conditions in the Goods and Services market and the Loanable Funds Market for a closed economy (i.e. the “supply equals demand” equations for each).

46.    As we’ve learned, a third market – the Labor Market – typically does not reach an equilibrium where supply of labor equals demand for labor. What do we call the “normal” unemployment rate that persists even when wages have [incompletely] adjusted

47.   Say that businesses in the economy collectively think that the markets in which they sell their goods will soon experience increasing demand. In the loanable funds market, (a) which curve(s) do you expect to be affected, and (b) which direction(s) would those curves shift?

48.   Say that the government reduces the taxes it collects as a percent of interest income.   In the loanable funds market, (a) which curve(s) do you expect to be affected, and (b) which direction(s) would those curves shift?

49.    Say that businesses and households suspect that the rate of inflation in the economy will be higher in the future. In the loanable funds market, (a) which curve(s) do you expect to be affected, and (b) which direction(s) would those curves shift?

50.   Name and briefly describe at least three determinants of an economy’s long-run level of output.

51.    What do we call this specific long run level of output?

52.   Say we have two economies with similar levels of technology, institutional quality, natural resources, physical capital stock, and human capital. Country A has a lower savings rate than Country B. Which country do you expect to grow (in terms of GDP per capita) faster?

53.   Say we have two economies with similar levels of technology, institutional quality, natural resources, human capital, and savings rates. Country A has a lower physical capital stock than Country B. Which country do you expect to grow (in terms of GDP per capita) faster?

Just need 3-6. NOT 1-2

A research associate working for Intragene Therapeutics prepares an investigative PCR reaction to screen human tissue samples for specific mutations. He uses 55 ng of genomic DNA from one tissue sample in a single PCR reaction, to amplify a 1,246 bp fragment. The PCR protocol requires a final concentration for two primers of 1.5 uM each, and a final concentration of 180 uM for dNTPs, in a total PCR reaction volume of 65 uL. During the PCR process, the fragment is amplified for 33 cycles. He quantifies the amount of PCR products to be 74 ng/uL.

1. If his purified genomic DNA template stock has a concentration of 1.53 mg/mL, and he dilutes it 1:100, how many microliters of this dilution does he use? Answer to one decimal place.

2. He decides to dilute his DNA template stock so that he can pipet a 15 uL volume that contains 55 ng of genomic DNA into his PCR reaction. If he starts with 1 uL of the DNA template stock, what is the total volume of the dilution he needs to make? Answer to the nearest whole number.

3. How many copies of the fragment are produced in his PCR reaction? Assume that the target sequence is present in only one copy in the genome, as in a haploid human genome. Answer to the nearest whole number.

4. What is the amount of amplification of the PCR product in his reaction ‐ that is, the fold increase in the amount of amplified DNA segment? Answer in decimal notation.

5. If one of the primer stocks in his lab has a concentration of 50 uM, what volume (in microliters) does he add of this primer to have the final concentration specified in the PCR protocol? Answer to the nearest whole number.

6. The dNTP master mix available in the company lab has a concentration of 12 mM total dNTP. What volume, in microliters, of this master mix does he add to his PCR reaction to have the final concentration specified in the PCR protocol? Answer to the nearest whole number.