Write a Python program to solve the 8-puzzle problem (and its natural generalizations) using the A* search algorithm.

The problem. The 8-puzzle problem is a puzzle invented and popularized by Noyes Palmer Chapman in the 1870s. It is played on a 3-by-3 grid with 8 square blocks labeled 1 through 8 and a blank square. Your goal is to rearrange the blocks so that they are in order, using as few moves as possible. You are permitted to slide blocks horizontally or vertically into the blank square. The following shows a sequence of legal moves from an initial board (left) to the goal board (right).

     1 3            1      3        1 2 3         1 2 3        1 2 3

4 2 5   =>   4 2 5   => 4     5   => 4    5     => 4 5 6

7 8 6          7 8 6          7 8 6        7 8 6         7 8

initial           1 left              2 up               5 left            goal

Best-first search. Now, we describe a solution to the problem that illustrates a general artificial intelligence methodology known as the A* search algorithm. We define a search node of the game to be a board, the number of moves made to reach the board, and the previous search node. First, insert the initial search node (the initial board, 0 moves, and a null previous search node) into a priority queue. Then, delete from the priority queue the search node with the minimum priority, and insert onto the priority queue all neighboring search nodes (those that can be reached in one move from the dequeued search node). Repeat this procedure until the search node dequeued corresponds to a goal board. The success of this approach hinges on the choice of priority function for a search node. We consider two priority functions:

• Hamming priority function. The number of blocks in the wrong position, plus the number of moves made so far to get to the search node. Intuitively, a search node with a small number of blocks in the wrong position is close to the goal, and we prefer a search node that have been reached using a small number of moves.

Manhattan priority function. The sum of the Manhattan distances (sum of the vertical and horizontal distance) from the blocks to their goal positions, plus the number of moves made so far to get to the search node

Input and output formats. The input and output format for a board is the board size N followed by the N-by-N initial board, using 0 to represent the blank square.

more puzzle04.txt

3

0 1 3

4 2 5

7 8 6

Solver puzzle04.txt

Minimum number of moves = 4

3

0 1 3

4 2 5

7 8 6

3

1 0 3

4 2 5

7 8 6

3

1 2 3

4 0 5

7 8 6

3

1 2 3

4 5 0  

7 8 6

3

1 2 3

4 5 6

7 8 0

more puzzle-unsolvable3x3.txt

3

1 2 3

4 5 6

8 7 0

Solver puzzle3x3-unsolvable.txt

Unsolvable puzzle

Your program should work correctly for arbitrary N-by-N boards (for any 1 ≤ N < 128), even if it is too slow to solve some of them in a reasonable amount of time.

Patient is 88 year old female admitted to the hospital with a two day history of feeling SOB, lightheaded, dizzy, and chest pain. The patient lives in a single family house, and the bedroom and bathroom are located on the second floor. The patient was brought to the ED by the family. The nurse starts to perform the nursing assessment and finds that the patient is only oriented to person. The patient does not report any pain. The vital signs and the laboratory results are recorded as the following:

Temp. 38.1   pulse 98    resp. 32    Blood pressure 122/80   SpO2 with RA at Pulse Ox 89% , weight at 120 pounds (54.54 Kilograms), height 5.4

Na                   148

Cl                    96

Potassium        3.5

Bicarb             39

BUN               50

Creat             1.78

Glucose         124

Hgb              6.6

Hct              21.5

WBC           24.9

Platelets     145,000

Albumin       3.5

ROS:

Negative

PMH:    CAD, CKD, HTN, COPD

PSH: Bilateral knee replacement

Social hx: lives alone, drinks one glass of wine once a day, denies smoking and drug abuse

Allergies:

NKDA

Medications at home: Lisinopril 40 mg once a day, ASA 81 mg once a day, Lasix 40 mg once a day, Advair one puff every 12 hours

Physical Exam:

Awake, confused to time and place, oriented to self

Mucous membranes dry, tongue pink

HEENT: AT/NC, PERRLA, neck supple, no JVD

CV: RRR, Normal S1 S2, no m/r/c heard

Lungs:   Breath sounds vesicular with crackles in the posterior bases

ABD: distended with faint bowel sounds, tender to touch

Extremities: upper and lower extremities with strength at 3/5 for all four extremities

Has 3+ edema in lower legs bilaterally

Skin: small open redden area on left thigh

Diagnostic Exam:

ECG: Normal

2D echocardiogram: LV function at 20%

Answer the following questions:

Identify the abnormal lab tests.         

Identify two nursing diagnosis for this patient.

Identify two nursing intervention for each nursing diagnosis with rationale.

Identify one short term goal for each nursing diagnosis.

Identify one outcome for each nursing diagnosis.

List the medications for the patient.

List the diagnosis test ordered for the patient and the results.

Need Excel Format and screenshot

The attached printout of an Excel spreadsheet shows the use of six financial formulas related to the time-value-of-money concepts discussed in Chapter 5. Your task is to reproduce the spreadsheet using Excel financial formulas in the red cells, which have the names shown in blue in the adjacent cells. You can find the financial formulas in Excel by clicking on Formulas at the top of the spreadsheet, and then clicking on Financial.

You will submit your spreadsheet through D2L, and I will check your work by changing one of the input values for each formula to see if your spreadsheet calculates the correct answer.

Note that interest rates in Excel are entered in decimal form, not as a percent as with the TI calculator. For example, in Excel 9.5% is entered in a cell as 0.095. Also, the type variable for each formula defines when the cash flows occur. Setting type equal to 0 means the cash flows occur at the end of each period. Setting type equal to 1 means the cash flows occur at the beginning of each period.

• A MAJOR POTENTIOMETER MANUFACTURER IS CONSIDERING TWO ALTERNATIVES FOR NEW PRODUCTION MACHINES WITH CAPACITY TO PRODUCE 20 000 UNITS PER DAY. ONE ALTERNATIVE IS FOR A HIGH-CAPACITY AUTOMATED PRODUCTION MACHINE CAPABLE OF PRODUCING 20 000 UNITS PER DAY WHEN OPERATED FOR THREE SHIFTS PER DAY. A QUARTER-TIME EMPLOYEE WOULD BE ASSIGNED TO MONITOR THE MACHINE (EMPLOYEE WOULD MONITOR OTHER MACHINES AT THE SAME TIME). WITH THE THREE-SHIFT SCHEDULE THIS WOULD BE EQUIVALENT TO A THREE-QUARTER-TIME EMPLOYEE.

• A SECOND ALTERNATIVE WOULD BE TO USE TWO MANUALLY OPERATED MACHINES, EACH CAPABLE OF 10 000 UNITS PER DAY ASSUMING THREE-SHIFT OPERATION. HERE, A TOTAL OF SIX EMPLOYEES (2 PER SHIFT, 3 SHIFTS) WOULD BE NEEDED.

• IF LABOR COSTS (INCLUDING WAGES, BENEFITS, ETC.) ARE $40 000 PER EMPLOYEE PER YEAR, RECOMMEND WHICH ALTERNATIVE IS BEST USING THE EQUIVALENT UNIFORM ANNUAL COST METHOD

A travel agent wants to estimate the proportion of vacationers who plan to travel outside the United States in the next 12 months. A random sample of 130 vacationers revealed that 40 had plans for foreign travel in that time frame. Construct a 95% confidence interval estimate of the population proportion. Make a statement about this in context of the problem

The records of ABC Company showed the following:

The physical inventory reveals 15,000 units on hand on December 31.
Compute the cost of ending inventory and cost of sales using:

1.-The following data were obtained for a randomized block design involving five treatments and three blocks: SST = 570, SSTR = 390, SSBL = 95. Set up the ANOVA table. (Round your value for F to two decimal places, and your p-value to three decimal places.)

Find the value of the test statistic. (Round your answer to two decimal places.)___

Find the p-value. (Round your answer to three decimal places.)

p-value = ___

An automobile dealer conducted a test to determine if the time in minutes needed to complete a minor engine tune-up depends on whether a computerized engine analyzer or an electronic analyzer is used. Because tune-up time varies among compact, intermediate, and full-sized cars, the three types of cars were used as blocks in the experiment. The data obtained follow.

Use α = 0.05 to test for any significant differences.

Find the value of the test statistic. (Round your answer to two decimal places.)___

Find the p-value. (Round your answer to three decimal places.)

p-value = ___

2. You deposit $1000. How much will you have under each of the following conditions?

a) 8 percent compounded semi-annually for two years

b) 8 percent compounded quarterly for two years

c) 8 percent compounded monthly for two years

Let x be a random variable that represents the level of glucose in the blood (milligrams per deciliter of blood) after a 12 hour fast. Assume that for people under 50 years old, x has a distribution that is approximately normal, with mean μ = 50 and estimated standard deviation σ = 12. A test result x < 40 is an indication of severe excess insulin, and medication is usually prescribed.

(a) What is the probability that, on a single test, x < 40? (Round your answer to four decimal places.)


(b) Suppose a doctor uses the average x for two tests taken about a week apart. What can we say about the probability distribution of x? Hint: See Theorem 6.1.

The probability distribution of x is not normal. The probability distribution of x is approximately normal with μ_x = 50 and σ_x = 8.49.     The probability distribution of x is approximately normal with μ_x = 50 and σ_x = 12. The probability distribution of x is approximately normal with μ_x = 50 and σ_x = 6.00.

What is the probability that x < 40? (Round your answer to four decimal places.)


(c) Repeat part (b) for n = 3 tests taken a week apart. (Round your answer to four decimal places.)


(d) Repeat part (b) for n = 5 tests taken a week apart. (Round your answer to four decimal places.)


(e) Compare your answers to parts (a), (b), (c), and (d). Did the probabilities decrease as n increased?

Yes No    

Explain what this might imply if you were a doctor or a nurse.

The more tests a patient completes, the stronger is the evidence for excess insulin. The more tests a patient completes, the weaker is the evidence for excess insulin.     The more tests a patient completes, the stronger is the evidence for lack of insulin. The more tests a patient completes, the weaker is the evidence for lack of insulin.

Project 3 instructions

Based on Larson & Farber: sections 5.2–5.3

Using the provided data. Assume that the closing prices of the stock form a normally distributed data set. This means that you need to use Excel to find the mean and standard deviation. Then, use those numbers and the methods you learned in sections 5.2–5.3 of the course textbook for normal distributions to answer the questions. Do NOT count the number of data points.

Complete this portion of the assignment within a single Excel file. Show your work or explain how you obtained each of your answers. Answers with no work and no explanation will receive no credit.

Show all work

1) If a person bought 1 share of Google stock within the last year, what is the probability that the stock on that day closed at less than the mean for that year? Hint: You do not want to calculate the mean to answer this one. The probability would be the same for any normal distribution. (5 points)

2) If a person bought 1 share of Google stock within the last year, what is the probability that the stock on that day closed at more than $825? (5 points)

3a) If a person bought 1 share of Google stock within the last year, what is the probability that the stock on that day closed within $50 of the mean for that year? (5 points)

3b) If a person bought 1 share of Google stock within the last year, what is the probability that the stock on that day closed at less than $700 per share. (5 points)

3c) At what prices would Google have to close in order for it to be considered statistically unusual? You will have a low and high value. Use the definition of unusual from the course textbook that is measured as a number of standard deviations. (5 points)

4) What are Quartile 1, Quartile 2, and Quartile 3 in this data set? Use Excel to find these values. This is the only question that you must answer without using anything about the normal distribution. (5 points)

5) Is the normality assumption that was made at the beginning valid? Why or why not? Hint: Does this distribution have the properties of a normal distribution as described in the course textbook? Real data sets are never perfect, however, it should be close. One option would be to construct a histogram like you did in Project 1 to see if it has the right shape. Something in the range of 10 to 12 classes is a good number. (5 points)

There are also 5 points for miscellaneous items like correct date range, correct mean, correct SD, etc.