Consider the standard free energies shown below(T =37 C, R=8.3145 J/mole K) :

UDP-Mannose + H2O → Mannose 1-phosphate + UMP + 2H+ delta G' = -34.9 kJ/mol

UTP + H2O → UMP + PPi + 2H+ delta G' = -32.5 kJ/mol

PPi + H2O → 2Pi delta G' = -33.6 kJ/mol

(A) ( 2 pts) Calculate delta G' & Keq’ for the following reaction.

Mannose 1-phosphate + UTP + H2O → UDP-mannose + 2Pi

(B) ( 2 pts) Which of the following statements best describe this reaction?

(A)The reaction is irreversible under standard conditions.

(B) The reaction is reversible under standard conditions.

(C) The reaction is at equilibrium under intracellular conditions.

(D)The reaction is reversible under intracellular conditions.

(E) K’eq = 0

(C) (2 pts) This reaction is catalyzed by phosphomannose pyrophosphorylase. How would this enzyme effect delta G' and Keq’?

(D) ( 3 pts) The physiological concentration of these three metabolites in a mammalian cell at physiological temperature ( 37 C) are: [UDP-mannose] = 0.130 mM; [UMP] = 0.140 mM , [H2O ] = 55.6 M, [H+ ] = 10^-7 M and [mannose 1-phosphate] = 2.33 mM [UTP] = 4.35 mM; [Pi] = 8.90 mM [PPi] = 8.14 microM

What would be the actual free energy change (delta G) for the reaction under these cellular conditions?

Mannose 1-phosphate + UTP + H2O → UDP-mannose + 2Pi

14) Using the following findings of volume flow and osmolarity throughout a nephron, describe andfully explain the processes occurring at each of the listed sites of the nephron, to generate the listed flow and osmolarity.

Blood flow into the glomerulus is at 280 mOsM, of which the albumin (large proteins) constitutes 90 mOsM. FLUID OSMOLARITY FLOW VOLUME Glomerular Filtrate 300 mOsM 7.5 L per hour End of Proximal Tubule 300 mOsM 2.5 L per hour End of Descending Loop 1200 mOsM 0.625 L per hour End of Ascending Loop 100 mOsM 0.625 L per hour Distal Tubule through End of Collecting Duct 100 mOsM 0.25 L per hour GLOMERULUS -PROXIMAL TUBULE -DESCENDING LOOP -ASCENDING LOOP -DISTAL NEPHRON

15) Describe the expected immune response to the following scenario: enveloped virus particles enter through the respiratory system, infecting epithelial cells of the upper airways. As the bronchial epithelial cells die and release new viral particles, these enter lymphatic capillaries and travel to the lymph nodes in the neck

. (16) A vaccine for Coronavirus is likely to take a longer time than imagined, because the most obvious target of the vaccine should be the external spike protein on the envelope of this enveloped virus. The cellular attachment protein on epithelial cells, which the virus binds to for entry into the epithelial cell, is known to be ACE2, a receptor enzyme. Explain why the production of a vaccine targeting the coronavirus spike protein (S1), is not likely to be successful.

1Mr M. is a 50 years old male patient who came in to the emergency department with complaint of chest paln while mowing his lawn. He is accompained by his lawn. He is accompained byhis wife, who says that he was working in the yard and had to call for help because of his discomfort. He complains of chest pain, rated at a 7 on a 0 to 10 scale and describes it as a feeling of pressure in the center of his chest. the pain does not radiate to any other location. He has nausea that developed 2 hours ago and he vomited once.

1.Explain the nurse's role while in care of a patient undergoing PCL.

2. Describe how PCL would be used to manage this patient condition.

3.What informatiom\n wuld the nurse give to this patient that would best teach him about what to expect when receiving PCL

4.Explain the difference between a STEMI and a NSTEM and how these two condition would be treated.

5 How should the nurse explain the relationship between a patient's lack of history of angina and acute MI.

6. Describe the factors that would determine the severity of this patient's MI.

7.What nursing interventions would the nurse employ first after learning of the diagnosis of a STEMI?

8.Describe the changes in cardiac enzymes that would most likely develop because this patient is having an MI.

9.Based on the fact that the patient has a STEMI as seen on ECG, would the physician wait to find out the cardiac enzyme results before providing treatment? why or why not?

1.What does Streptococci look like under the microscope?

a.strings of rods

b.strings/chains of spheres

c.clusters of rods

d.grape-like clusters of spheres

2.What is the total magnification when you used he 40X objective?

a.400X

b.40X

c.4X

d.4000X

QUESTION 3

1. What was the purpose of the streak plate method?

	a.	to count the number of bacteria in a culture
	b.	to count the number of coliforms in a culture
	c.	To isolate single colonies from a mixture of bacteria
	d.	to show that bacteria are everywhere

QUESTION 4

1. The dye that gives Gram+ bacteria their color is

	a.	crystal violet
	b.	safranin
	c.	Iodine
	d.	methylene blue

1. The dye that is retained by Gram- bacteria is

	a.	iodine
	b.	Methylene blue
	c.	Safranin
	d.	Crystal violet

QUESTION 6

1. The counterstain used for the acid fast staining procedure is

	a.	carbolfuschin
	b.	crystal violet
	c.	methylene blue
	d.	safranin

QUESTION 7

1. Which of the following is NOT a selective medium?

	a.	Blood agar
	b.	Mannitol salt
	c.	BGB
	d.	Snyder's agar

QUESTION 8

1. Alpha hemolysis is

	a.	The complete lysis of red blood cells
	b.	The complete lysis of bacteria
	c.	The partial lysis of red blood cells
	d.	No lysis of red blood cells

QUESTION 9

1. Amylase is an enzyme which breaks down

	a.	gelatin
	b.	starch
	c.	lactose
	d.	glucose

QUESTION 10

1. A medium that supports the growth of a wide variety of bacteria

	a.	synthetic medium
	b.	selective medium
	c.	nutrient medium
	d.	differential medium

METABOLISM (FERMENTATION)							What are the expected results/did you get them.
Tube	A	B	C	Initial Reading	Final Reading	Volume of the gas bubble created	If not why and Explain
1	5 ml phosphate buffer	1 5 ml phosphate buffer	5 ml yeast	1mL	1.5mL	0mL
2	5 ml phosphate buffer	5 ml glucose	5 ml yeast	1.5mL	6.5mL	5mL
3	5 ml of 0.1 M MgSO4	5 ml glucose	5 ml yeast	1mL	8mL	7mL
4	5 ml of 50 mM EDTA	5 ml glucose	5 ml yeast	1mL	6mL	5mL
5	5 ml of 100 mM EDTA	5 ml glucose	5 ml yeast	1.5mL	2.5mL	1mL
6	5 ml of 250 mM EDTA	5 ml glucose	5 ml yeast	1mL	1mL	0mL
7	5 ml pyruvate/EDTA	5 ml glucose	5 ml yeast	1mL	8.5mL	7.5mL
8	5 ml phosphate buffer	5 ml of 0.1 M lactose	5 ml yeast	1mL	2mL	1mL
9	5 ml phosphate buffer	5 ml of 0.1 M galactose	5 ml yeast	1.5mL	2mL	0.5mL

Complete the last coloumn and state why these reactions occured. For example, in tube 3, there was a larger gas bubble because there was a presence of magnesium ions which meant the enzyme elonase was able to function.

What happens as a result of Ca⁺⁺ ion flow at a presynaptic terminal? (draw it out..it may help)

a) synaptic vesicles migrate to the plasma membrane and release acetylcholine.

      b) acetylcholine is passively transported from the presynaptic neuron.

      c) acetylcholine is actively transported to the postsynaptic neuron.

      d) ligand-gated sodium channels open.

      e) sodium ions diffuse into the cell.

Which of the following statements is true?   Metabolic pathways  ____________.

a) occur in a controlled series of chemical reactions    b) are controlled by enzyme activity

c) only assemble molecules from atoms   d) all of the above are true   

e) only a and b are true

You react to an odor by vomiting.  This information was processed in the ________ of the            _________.

      a)   temporal lobe; cerebral cortex     b)  thalamus; cerebellum   

      c)   reticulo-spinal tract; nervous system   d)  frontal lobe; cerebellum      

      e)   none of the above

Your reaction to the above odor would _______.

      a)  be a reflex              b)  utilize both afferent and efferent pathways     

      c)  utilize both sensory and  motor  pathways      d)  two of the above     e)  all of the above

What is the receptor type used by the post ganglionic neuron of the para-sympathetic system        at the cardiac synapse?

  a) cholinergic; nicotinic   b) adrenergic; alpha    c) cholinergic; muscarinic   d) adrenergic; beta  

Your blood pressure suddenly decreases.  What nucleus or nuclei in the central nervous system provides the stimulus to speed the heart rate and restore pressure?

      a)  cardio-excitatory center   b) basal nuclei   c)  pons   d)  cerebellum  e)  none of the above

      

1. The concentration of an undiluted sample is 26.4 mg/ml. To calculate that answer, the concentration of the diluted sample was multiplied by the dilution factor. Knowing that the dilution factor is 2, work backwards to determine the concentration of the DILUTED sample.

	A.	13.2 mg/ml
	B.	132.0 mg/ml
	C.	1.32 mg/ml
	D.	26.4 mg/ml

What is the unit used to describe cell solutions measured in a spectrophotometer?

		Cells/milliliter
		Grams (g)
		Optical density (OD)
		Meters (m)

Spectroscopy is based on the ability of compounds to specifically create certain wavelengths of light.

true or false

You are reading chlorophyll a samples in the spectrophotometer at 665 nm. Which of the following absorbance readings are considered to be inaccurate?

		Abs 3.4
		Abs 2.7
		Abs 3.6
		Abs 2.1

Ideally, a standard curve should be a curved line, not a straight line.

True

False

which of the following are common uses for a spectrophotometer in a biology lab? There may be more than one correct answer.

	A.	To quantify the activity of an enzyme
	B.	To measure the concentration of protein in a cell sample.
	C.	To quantify the density of cells in a population
	D.	To quantify the amount of light-absorbing molecules in a sample.

Light with a wavelength of 600 nm is used to read the absorbance of microbial cell cultures because cellular compounds (proteins, DNA, chromophores) absorb light at this wavelength and therefore do not interfere with the measurement.

True

False

The spectrophotometer output is in what units?

		Absorbance (A or Abs)
		Nanometers
		Wavelengths
		None of the above

Carrots appear orange in color because they are reflecting what color of visible light?

		Orange
		Red
		Blue
		Violet

1. Which of the following statements about the physiological signals is CORRECT?

a. The nervous system provides both electrical and chemical signals.

b. Chemical signals are the most physiological type of communication within the body.

c. Electrical signals are due to Na+, Cl-, K+, and Ca2+ within a cell.

d. Chemical signals are secreted by cells into the extracellular fluid.

e. Target cells are cells that respond to specific signals.

f. All of the above

2. What is TRUE about the hypothalamus? There may be more than one answer.  

a. Detects plasma osmolarity

b. Osmoreceptor

c. Produces and secretes anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)

d. Produces atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

e. Produces renin (enzyme)

3. What are the characteristics of the tubular reabsorption? There may be more than one answer.

a. The proximal convoluted tubule is the initial site of tubular reabsorption, where 100% of the filtrate is reabsorbed and the process is unregulated.

b. Atrial natriuretic peptide targets the principal cells of the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct to increase the tubular reabsorption of water.

c. The descending limb of the loop of Henle only causes the reabsorption of water back into the blood of the peritubular
capillary.

d. The ascending limb of the loop of Henle causes the reabsorption of Na⁺, K^+, Cl^-, Mg²⁺, and Ca²⁺ but not the reabsorption of water due to high level of cholesterol within the membrane.

e. More than 80% of the tubular reabsorption is regulated at the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct in the presence of aldosterone, anti-diuretic hormone, and atrial natriuretic peptide.

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The function of tRNA is to

Select one:

a. provide a site for polypeptide synthesis

b. transport amino acids to the ribosome

c. transcribe DNA

d. transform DNA

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The lipid bi-layer is

Select one:

a. hydrophilic

b. hydrophobic

c. hydrophilic and hydrophobic

d. depends on the surrounding medium

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Which of the following statements is FALSE?

Select one:

a. carbohydrates are generally hydrophilic molecules.

b. living things use carbohydrates for structure and for energy storage.

c. carbohydrates are composed principally of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

d. none of the above – they are all true

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Which of the following terms correctly describes a compound featuring more than one double bond?

Select one:

a. saturated

b. polyunsaturated

c. monounsaturated

d. disaturated

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Eukaryotic mRNA transcripts are protected from modification by

Select one:

a. 5' caps

b. 5' poly-A caps

c. 3' caps

d. 5'-3' poly tails

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The methods of membrane transport that don't require protein channels or carriers are

Select one:

a. osmosis

b. diffusion

c. phagocytosis

d. exocytosis

e. all of the above

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Complete the following sentences: "Primary active transport is dependent on __________. Secondary active transport is dependent on __________ created by __________.

Select one:

a. channel proteins, electrochemical gradient, carrier proteins

b. electrochemical gradient, ATP, mitochondria

c. electrochemical gradient, ATP, primary active transport

d. ATP, electrochemical gradient, primary active transport

e. carrier proteins, electrochemical gradient, channel protein

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Which of the following is a reduced compound?

Select one:

a. CO2

b. O2

c. N2

d. NAD +

e. NADH

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Gel electrophoresis separates DNA fragments according to their:

Select one:

a. base sequence

b. size

c. percentage of labelled nucleotides

d. electrical charge

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G0 is:

Select one:

a. part of interphase

b. the phase of the cell cycle where DNA replication occurs

c. the phase of the cell cycle where two identical daughter cells are created

d. a special "resting" phase in which cells are in a non cycling state

e. a special phase where the number of chromosomes in a parent cell is reduced by half such that each daughter cell contains only one member of a pair of homologous chromosomes

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At which pH will the concentration of hydrogen ions be equal to the concentration of hydroxide ions?

Select one:

a. pH 1

b. pH 5

c. pH 7

d. pH 9

e. pH 14

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Which of the following enzymes has proofreading activity?

Select one:

a. Ligase

b. Helicase

c. Topoisomerase

d. DNA polymerase

e. Peptidyl transferase

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The process of _______________ cuts introns from the primary transcript and the final "processed" mRNA is produced.

Select one:

a. RNA cleaving

b. RNA translocation

c. RNA elongation

d. RNA splicing

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Transcription is initiated when RNA polymerase binds to

Select one:

a. a promoter

b. an initiator

c. a transciptor

d. a codon

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Complete the following sentences: "__________ connect the extracellular matrix with microfilaments. __________ connect intermediate filaments from adjacent cells."

Select one:

a. Cadherins, Integrins

b. Connexins, Cadherins

c. Integrins, Cadherins

d. Integrins, Connexins

e. Connexins, Integrins

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Which of the following regions of RNAs are translated?

Select one:

a. 5' UTR

b. exons

c. introns

d. 3' UTR

e. poly-A

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Control of gene expression in eukaryotic cells occurs at which level(s)?

Select one:

a. only the transcriptional level

b. epigenetic and transcriptional levels

c. epigenetic, transcriptional, and translational levels

d. epigenetic, transcriptional, posttranscriptional, translational, and posttranslational levels

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Cellular organelles containing hydrolytic enzymes are called:

Select one:

a. peroxisomes

b. lysosomes

c. ribosomes

d. mesosomes

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______ are chemicals or combinations of chemicals that take up excess hydrogen ions or hydroxide ions in order to keep the pH constant.

Select one:

a. acids

b. bases

c. salts

d. buffers

e. carbohydrates

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Which of the following proteins appear in some stages of the cell cycle and are degraded at other stages?

Select one:

a. kinases

b. cyclins

c. nucleotides

d. phosphatases

e. none of the above

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Which of the following correctly matches an organelle with its function?

Select one:

a. mitochondrion   photosynthesis

b. nucleus                cellular respiration

c. ribosome                           manufacture of lipids

d. lysosome                            movement

e. central vacuole storage

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What is the sequence corresponding to the following electropherogram obtained by Sanger sequencing (green: A; red:T; black: G; blue: C)?

Select one:

a. CCGTTATGAAC

b. GGCTTATGAAG

c. CAACTATTGCC

d. GGCAATAGTTG

e. CCGTTATCAAC

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Which of the following statement is true

Select one:

a. the two DNA strands are parallel and complementary

b. the two DNA strands are anti parallel and non-complementary

c. the two DNA strands are anti-parallel and complementary

d. none of these

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The energy-requiring process by which small molecules are joined to form larger molecules is specifically called

Select one:

a. metabolism

b. anabolism

c. catabolism

d. enzymatic reactions

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When DNA replication starts

Select one:

a. the phosphodiester bonds between the adjacent nucleotides break

b. the bonds between the nitrogen base and deoxyribose sugar break

c. the leading strand produces Okazaki fragments

d. the hydrogen bonds between the nucleotides of two strand break

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A(n)_______ is the movement of a segment of a chromosome from one chromosome to another nonhomologous chromosome

Select one:

a. inversion

b. translocation

c. deletion

d. duplication

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Complete the following sentences: "Replication forks from the same origin of replication extend __________. __________ DNA strand is used as template for the leading strand at one fork and for the lagging strand at the second fork. New DNA is synthesized from 5' to 3' on the __________."

Select one:

a. unidirectionally, A different, both the leading and lagging strands

b. bidirectionally, The same, leading strand

c. bidirectionally, The same, lagging strand

d. unidirectionally, A different, leading strand

e. bidirectionally, The same, both the leading and lagging strands

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Manufacturing recombinant DNA molecules involves cutting a gene from its normal location, inserting it into a circular piece of DNA from a bacterial cell, and then transferring the circle of DNA to cells of another species. Which of the below describe the circular piece of DNA?

Select one:

a. restriction enzyme

b. plasmid

c. bacteriophage

d. transposon

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Complete the following chemical equation to make it balanced: glycerol + ___ ? triacylglycerol + ___

Select one:

a. 3 fatty acid, 3 H2O

b. fatty acid, H2O

c. 3 OH-, 3 H+

d. 3 H2O, 3 fatty acid

e. fatty acid, 3 H2O

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Which structure is found in plant cells but not animal cells? Check all that apply.

Select one or more:

a. Cell wall

b. Chloroplast

c. Plastid

d. Central vacuole

e. Lysosomes