ESSAY: This essay has to be 2 pages and writen in font size 12

. and also another page is a brief outline and sources citation

Topic; how integrity and individual decisions can affect other people, this topic can be refered from Sport area, Academic, Work experiences, Management

Cullumber Co. follows the practice of valuing its inventory at the lower-of-cost-or-market. The following information is available from the company’s inventory records as of December 31, 2017. Item Quantity Unit Cost Replacement Cost/Unit Estimated Selling Price/Unit Completion & Disposal Cost/Unit Normal Profit Margin/Unit A 1,600 $ 8.33 $ 9.32 $ 11.66 $ 1.67 $ 2.00 B 1,300 9.10 8.77 10.43 1.00 1.33 C 1,500 6.22 5.99 7.99 1.28 0.67 D 1,500 4.22 4.66 6.99 0.89 1.67 E 1,900 7.10 6.99 7.44 0.78 1.11 Greg Forda is an accounting clerk in the accounting department of Cullumber Co., and he cannot understand why the market value keeps changing from replacement cost to net realizable value to something that he cannot even figure out. Greg is very confused, and he is the one who records inventory purchases and calculates ending inventory. You are the manager of the department and an accountant. Calculate the lower-of-cost-or-market using the individual-item approach. Lower-of-Cost-or-Market (Per unit basis) Item A $ Item B $ Item C $ Item D $ Item E $

1. All the following represent characteristics of the adaptive immune system EXCEPT:

1. all the above is true, no exceptions
2. secondary response characterized by rapid destruction of the pathogen
3. recognition by pattern recognition receptors
4. development of memory response
5. recognition of individual antigens and epitopes

1. Intravenous immunoglobin therapy is being used as a treatment for severely affected Covid-19 patients. This infusion of antibody isolated from the blood of individuals who recovered from the infection would predominantly be which class of antibody?

1. IgS
2. None of the answers are correct
3. IgG
4. IgM
5. IgD
6. IgB

1. Immunoglobulins consist of four polypeptides; effector functions result when certain immune system components

1. Interact with the variable domains of both the light chains
2. Interact with the variable domains of both the heavy chains
3. Interact with the constant domains of both the light and heavy chains
4. Interact with the constant domains of both the light chains
5. None of the above

1. Which of the following apply to T_h cell recognition and response to antigen?

1. Recognition of antigen displayed by MHC I with secretion of cytokines in the presence of IL-2
2. Recognition of PAMPs by the col-like receptors
3. Recognition antigen in the absence of MHC molecules with secretion of antibody
4. None of the answers apply
5. Recognition of antigen displayed by MHCI with secretion of cytokines that include IL-2

True/false

1- The fair market value of property or services received in bartering must be included in gross income.

2- Mr. Barley an accountant, accepted a painting for his office from his client in lieu of payment of his customary fee of $400 for preparation of a tax return. He must include the $400 income.

3- An ordinary expenditure is one which is commonly incurred by other businesses.

4- Rent and royalty expenses are deductible from adjusted gross income.

5- Federal income taxes paid by a taxpayer in connection with her business are not deductible in computing the business federal taxable income.

6- A necessary expense is one that is appropriate to helpful to the continuation of the taxpayer' business; ordinary refers to an expense that is customary and acceptable in the taxpayer's type of business.

7- If debt becomes worthless, the amount allowed as bad deduction is the adjusted basis of the debt.

8- Independent contractor is self-employed individuals who perform services for another individual or business entity and are considered employees of the persons or business that hire them.

9- The portion of an employee's salary deemed ''unreasonable'' may be considered a dividend distribution to an employee that is also a shareholder of the corporation.

10- taxpayers cannot deduct the costs of tickets to any entertainment actively or facility whether or not the taxpayer's attendance at the activity is related to business.

Nathan Daniel is a company that produces and retails designer accessories for young professionals. The company partners Nathan Phillips and Daniel Collins, have been best friends since they started university. Both graduated from Majesty University with a major in accounting and a minor in economics. Both found articling positions in a co-op program during their fourth year at Majesty University. After convocation, Daniel went to work for his father’s accounting firm, whereas Nathan worked full-time with the firm where he had articled. After three years, they both passed their national certification exams to become certified accountants.

After two more years of accounting work, the two friends decided to strike out on their own. However, Daniel and Nathan had had enough of spreadsheets, year-end deadlines, and high stress work, and decided to pursue a completely different direction: retail sales of accessories for young, metrosexual professionals. They opened a store in Calgary to sell bags, packs, briefcases, wallets, and other accessories. They also designed some of their own merchandise and sold it under the designer label “Bones.” Thanks to a great cover story in Macleans, the Bones brand became an overnight success, and orders started flooding in.

That was five years ago. Today, in addition to servicing their store in Calgary, Nathan Daniel ships merchandise to other retailers, in Alberta, British Columbia, and Ontario. Over the years, 70% of their annual sales of $3,500,000 have shifted to credit sales to other retailers, with 50% in Alberta, 30% in British Columbia, and 20% in Ontario.

As credit sales have increased, managing the cash cycle and float has become important. Most of the credit customers make payments with cheques that are mailed via Canada Post. Cheques from Alberta usually arrive within one business day of posting, whereas cheques from British Columbia take two days, and those from Ontario take about four days to arrive at the Calgary office. When each cheque arrives at the office, Naomi Mitchell, the office manager takes the cheques out of their envelopes, records them, and puts them aside for deposit at the end of business day. It usually takes about three days for the company’s bank, Bank of Mount Royal to process and clear the cheques, and deposit the money in the company’s account.

In terms of its accounts payable, the company mails its cheques out to its suppliers, all of whom are located in Alberta. The costs of goods sold amounts to approximately 75% of total sales revenue. On average, it takes about one day for suppliers to take their cheques to their banks for deposit, and it takes another three days for their banks to process and clear the cheques.

In the last operating year, the company started the year with payables of $130,000 and ended it with $110,000. Beginning receivables were $175,000, and ending receivables amounted to $145,000; beginning inventory was $80,000, and ending inventory was $120,000; and beginning cash reserves were $20,000, and ending cash reserves were $15,000. Two years ago, Nathan Daniel borrowed $550,000 from the bank at an interest rate of 15% to expand its production and retail facilities. In addition to paying the interest on this loan, they are also repaying 10% of the original principal each year (i.e., it will take another eight years to pay off this loan). At its most recent year-end, the company owned $650,000 in net fixed assets, and Daniel and Nathan had $200,000 in equity in the company. The company uses a line of credit (up to a maximum of $200,000) with its bank to cover shortfalls in its cash-on-hand. The interest on this line of credit is 2% per month.

The manager of the Bank of Mount Royal just phoned Daniel and offered the company same-day deposit for their cheques; this will reduce their availability float to one business day. The fee for this service will be $3,000 per year.

Nathan and Daniel must decide whether this is a good deal or not. At the end of the business week, the partners ordered a large pizza and went to Nathan’s place to hash out their decision. They came up with the following list of questions:

1. What are the company’s inventory period, receivables period, and payables period? (Round all periods to the nearest integer.)   
2. What are the company’s operating and cash cycles?                
3. How do the company’s operating and cash cycles compare to the industry average of 30 and 20 days, respectively?                               
4. If the company’s customers’ average cash cycle and operating cycle are 30 and 40 days, respectively, what can we say about the company’s credit management policy of net 30?                                              
5. What is the company’s average daily collection float? What is its average daily disbursement float? (Use the average mail float to calculate the collection delay, use the average daily cost of goods sold to calculate the average daily disbursement float, and use the average daily credit sales to calculate the average daily collection float.                           
6. What is the company’s net float?                                           
7. What is the effective annual interest rate on the company’s line of credit? What is the annual short-term interest expense based on this effective annual rate? Assume that the ending short-term borrowing amount is the average short-term borrowing amount. This average amount can then be multiplied with the effective annual interest rate to obtain the short-term interest expense. Note that you will need to construct the Statement of Financial Position to find the ending short-term borrowing amount.      
8. What will be the net float if Nathan Daniel takes up the Bank of Mount Royal’s offer for same-day deposit of their cheques?              
9. How much additional cash will be made available if the company takes up the Bank of Mount Royal’s offer for same-day deposit of their cheques? (Assume that on average, sales will remain at $3,500,000 each year.)
10. How much does the company have to borrow from its bank to cover net float if they accept the bank’s same-day deposit offer?             
11. Should the partners accept the same-day deposit offer from its bank?

1-If an investigator is systematically varying the delay between the instrumental response and the subsequent delivery of the reinforcer, she is investigating

       
a-temporal contiguity in instrumental conditioning.

       
b-response reinforcer contingency.

       
c-negative contrast.

       
d-delayed conditioning procedures.

2-According to Thorndike what is the function of a reinforcer?

       
a-To strengthen the association between a stimulus and a response.

       
b-To strengthen the association between a reinforcer and a response.

       
c-To strengthen the association between a stimulus and a reinforcer.

       
d-To reduce the drives that force animals to action.

3-Which of the following correctly describes the phenomenon of 'blocking'?

       
a-Prior conditioning with CS1 increases responding to the added stimulus CS2.

       
b-Prior conditioning with CS1 prevents conditioning to the added stimulus CS2.

       
c-Prior conditioning with CS1 is blocked by the new added stimulus CS2.

       
d-Prior conditioning with CS1 is enhanced by the new added stimulus.

4-In the Lieberman et al. (1979) study just after the instrumental response, an intense noise (marker) was presented. Under these circumstances, the instrumental learning became resistant to the delay of reinforcement because

       
a-the marker acts as a conditioned stimulus.

       
b-the marker increases the drive level of the organism.

       
c-the marker increases the activity of the organism.

       
d-the marker helps to distinguish the instrumental response from other responses.

5-The blocking effect indicates that for the establishment of an association between a CS and a US,

       
a-contiguity between a CS and a US is enough.

       
b-US intensity is very important.

       
c-contiguity between a CS and a US is not enough.

       
d-CS type is very important.

6-In which of the contingencies below does the instrumental response procedure an appetitive stimulus?

       
a-Negative reinforcement.

       
b-Punishment.

       
c-Positive reinforcement.

       
d-Omission training.

7-Which of the following findings strongly supports the compensatory response model?

       
a-The finding that the nature of the CR is identical to the UR.

       
b-The finding that in many classical conditioning situations involving drugs as the US, the form of the CR is opposite the forms of the UR.

       
c-The finding that in higher order conditioning sometimes S-R rather than S-S types of associations are observed.

       
d-The finding that in sensory preconditioning always S-S type associations are observed

8-Under which of the following conditions will the CS be associated with the US most rapidly?

       
a-If the CS is familiar, relatively weak, and related to the US

       
b-If the CS is novel, relatively intense, and related to the US.

       
c-If the CS is novel, relatively weak, and not related to the US.

       
d-If the CS is novel, relatively intense, and not related to the US.

Why is it important for vectors to have their own Ori?

          a.) It isn’t, they are attached to the chromosomal DNA and will divide from its Ori

          b.) The Ori will protect the vector from the organism’s restriction enzymes

          c.) The Ori is what allows us to select for those cells that actually transformed

          d.) It has to be able to replicate independently of the chromosomal DNA

Apply specific models developed from economics to demonstrate how domestic and foreign events (e.g., wars, changes in trade barriers, development abroad) have impacted the level of and changes in imports and exports in the United States from 2000 - 2010.

Please make sure to relate the answer to the time period of 2000 - 2010 in the US.