a) (i) What is it about a mutant phenotype that classifies the mutation as “temperature-sensitive”?

(ii) How is this type of phenotype explained by protein behaviour?

b) Would the following types of mutations most likely have: severe effects, mild effects, or no effect on protein function? Briefly explain your answers. Note that there may be more than one correct answer, but you need only to give one sensible answer and explain your reasoning. 

(i) A nonsense mutation occurring in sequences encoding amino acids near the carboxy terminus of the protein

(ii) A missense mutation affecting the active site of the protein

(iii) A frameshift mutation near the 5’ end of the open reading frame

1. IgG molecule has a constant part (dubbed Fc) that is invariable for all immunoglobulins of a particular class, and a variable part that is unique for each IgG clone. Which part of the IgG molecule is NOT involved in binding to an antigen?

A. Fab
B. Fc
C. heavy chain

D. light chain

E. variable domain

2. Which statement is TRUE for protein synthesis in eukaryotes?
A. All proteins are initially synthesized with methionine at their C-terminus.
B. All proteins are initially synthesized with methionine at their N-terminus.
C. All proteins are initially synthesized with tryptophan at their C-terminus.
D. All proteins are initially synthesized with a multiple of 3 amino acids in their sequence.

E. None of the statements is true.

A reticulate lysate is a system that contains all the components required for translation (ribosomal subunits, tRNA, amino acids, etc) and allows the reaction to be carried out in a test tube. The polypeptide that is synthesized from the system depends on the sequence of the RNA. For example adding the RNA 5’AUGUUUUUUUUUUUU to the lysate directs the synthesis of Met-Phe-Phe-Phe-Phe.

10a. If you add an antibiotic stops translation by specifically blocking the translocation of tRNA from the A site to the P site of the ribosome to the system, what will be the sequence of polypeptide produced by the same RNA? Explain your answer briefly.

10b. You add a new antibiotic with unknown function to the lysate and no polypeptide was produced. Suggest a step in translation that is inhibited by the antibiotics.

The depolarization of an axon is the result of the __________ of __________ ions.

outflux/Na+

outflux/K+

influx/K+

influx/Na+

uptake/neurotransmitters

Which type of receptor cell is responsible for transducing pain stimuli?

nociceptor

mechanoreceptor

photoreceptor

thermoreceptor

Glucagon is secreted by the beta cells of the pancreas and causes an increase in blood glucose.

True

False

The effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers are cooperative in the…

reproductive system

cardio-vascular system

eyes

heart

The dark current of the retina refers to…

inhibition of inhibitory NTs

inhibition of excitatory NTs

Of the following neurotransmitters, which are not stored in vesicles before release by the presynaptic axon?

Amino Acids

Monoamines

Endocannabinoids

Acetylcholine

Polypeptides

excitation of inhibitory NTs

excitation of excitatory NTs

Vinnie is a professional road cyclist participating in the 2020 Giro d’Italia, a three-week race nearly 3,600 km in distance with some stages exceeding altitudes of 2,700 m above sea level (i.e., Stelvio Pass, Italy). As the newly hired head of the high-performance team, it is your responsibility to manage his preparation for the event. You must demonstrate to your team a fundamental understanding of physiology, the chronic adaptations expected from his training, and methods that could be implemented to improve the likelihood of success.

Q5)

The longest leg of the race is 228 km, during which energy intake is critical. Glycolysis and β-oxidation are processes that break down carbohydrates (i.e., glucose, sucrose, fructose) and fatty acids, respectively.

1. Individually, what is the total ATP yield from one molecule of glucose and one molecule of palmitate?
2. How did you reach these numbers (i.e., substrate yield and use)?

Based on what you know about the yield and speed of these two pathways, do you recommend Vinnie ingest glucose or fatty acids during the race? (Hint, remember the cross-over concept)

Q6)

During a casual chat with a sport scientist from another team, they suggest preparing “finish bottles” for the longer legs of the race. Along with a dose of painkillers, a “finish bottle” typically contains an ergogenic dose of caffeine (i.e., approximately 3 to 5 mg·kg^-1of bodyweight).

1. As a sympathetic nervous system stimulant, what acute physiological changes will likely occur following caffeine ingestion at these doses?

Additionally, caffeine has a mild effect at mobilising free fatty acids. Please describe what is meant by mobilisation, and how this may influence performance

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) is a by-product in aerobic cellular respiration, produced partially in this part of the process:

Select one:

Production of ATP in glycolysis

Production of NADH in glycolysis

Kreb's Cycle

Production of oxygen in glycolysis

Production of pyruvate by splitting glucose

The Question just states what I have given in terms of coordinates but I do believe it's related to the shape I assume. (Angles, size, ect.)

(a.) Obtain coordinates for: ATP, phosphatidylcholine, B-DNA. G-actin, the lambda represssor/DNA complex or Lac repressor/DNA complex, hemoglobin, myoglobin, HIv gp120, green fluorescent protein (GFP, and RNA polymerase.

(b.) Using a structural viewing code like VMD, create a plot of each of the molecules from part (a)​. Their coordinates can be obtained through their PDB File, a simple google search should help you find them.

(c) By looking at phosphatidylcholine, justify and find the value of the area per lipid.

(d) Phosphoglycerate kinase is a key enzyme in the glycolysis pathway. Obtain the coordinates for bth phosphoglycerate kinase and glucose and examine the relative size of the molecules.

12. In simple diffusion a solute

A. Is propelled by random molecular motion

B. Moves up its concentration gradient

C. Moves across a membrane because of an input of free energy.

D. Both A and B are correct

E. All of the above are correct

16. Lipolysis is used to

A. Degrade triacylglycerols

B. Prepare triacylglycerols for excretion

C. Remove lipid from membrane

D. Cleave fatty acids into two carbon units

E. Convert fatty acids to glucose

19. The myelin sheath

A. Surrounds nerve cell axons

B. Contains large amounts of cardiolipin

C. Facilitates nerve impulse transmission

D. Both A and B are correct

E. Both A and C are correct

20. Membrane proteins are linked to anchor molecules through a ___________ link

A. Ether

B. Ester

C. Amide

D. Amino

E. Plasma

22. Patients with familial hypercholesterolemia

A. Possess depressed levels of plasma cholesterol

B. Have missing or defective LDL receptors

C. Are homozygous or heterozygous for a nonfunctional LDL receptor gene

D. Have very high levels of serum cholesterol

E. B, C and D are correct