M.D. is 69 years old, visits her GP for a repeat prescription of perindopril arginine 2.5 mg. She was diagnosed with heart failure and heart disease 1 year ago (LVEF < 40%) after a myocardial infarction and was started on carvedilol 12.5 mg. M.D. moved into a retirement village 1 year ago after the death of her husband. She is an active member of the walking group, but over the last 3 weeks she has had increased shortness of breath and fatigue after a steady 20 minute walk at the park. Since then she has reduced her level of physical activity and has also noticed swelling in her ankles despite her usual fluid tablets. She tells you that she has been having packaged soups instead of regular meals, because she finds it convenient, and is drinking more water than previously recommended (< 1.5 L/day was recommended after her heart failure diagnosis). Her medical history includes dyslipidemia, osteoarthritis, stable ischemic heart disease, and hypertension. Her current medicines (all once daily) are carvedilol 12.5 mg, aspirin 81 mg, atorvastatin 20 mg, celecoxib 200 mg, controlled-release isosorbide mononitrate 60 mg and furosemide 20 mg. M.D. currently weighs 70 kg (up by 4 kg from last visit 6 months ago) and her blood pressure is 140/82 mmHg. Serum biochemistry (urea, creatinine and electrolytes) was normal when tested 6 weeks ago. LDL was 100 and HDL was 52. Her estimated creatinine clearance was 60 mL/min.

Discuss how the chronic care model can be used to assist M.D

M.D. is 69 years old, visits her GP for a repeat prescription of perindopril arginine 2.5 mg. She was diagnosed with heart failure and heart disease 1 year ago (LVEF < 40%) after a myocardial infarction and was started on carvedilol 12.5 mg. M.D. moved into a retirement village 1 year ago after the death of her husband. She is an active member of the walking group, but over the last 3 weeks she has had increased shortness of breath and fatigue after a steady 20 minute walk at the park. Since then she has reduced her level of physical activity and has also noticed swelling in her ankles despite her usual fluid tablets. She tells you that she has been having packaged soups instead of regular meals, because she finds it convenient, and is drinking more water than previously recommended (< 1.5 L/day was recommended after her heart failure diagnosis). Her medical history includes dyslipidemia, osteoarthritis, stable ischemic heart disease, and hypertension. Her current medicines (all once daily) are carvedilol 12.5 mg, aspirin 81 mg, atorvastatin 20 mg, celecoxib 200 mg, controlled-release isosorbide mononitrate 60 mg and furosemide 20 mg. M.D. currently weighs 70 kg (up by 4 kg from last visit 6 months ago) and her blood pressure is 140/82 mmHg. Serum biochemistry (urea, creatinine and electrolytes) was normal when tested 6 weeks ago. LDL was 100 and HDL was 52. Her estimated creatinine clearance was 60 mL/min.

Discuss two (2) self-care management recommendations for M.D.

M.D. is 69 years old, visits her GP for a repeat prescription of perindopril arginine 2.5 mg. She was diagnosed with heart failure and heart disease 1 year ago (LVEF < 40%) after a myocardial infarction and was started on carvedilol 12.5 mg. M.D. moved into a retirement village 1 year ago after the death of her husband. She is an active member of the walking group, but over the last 3 weeks she has had increased shortness of breath and fatigue after a steady 20 minute walk at the park. Since then she has reduced her level of physical activity and has also noticed swelling in her ankles despite her usual fluid tablets. She tells you that she has been having packaged soups instead of regular meals, because she finds it convenient, and is drinking more water than previously recommended (< 1.5 L/day was recommended after her heart failure diagnosis). Her medical history includes dyslipidemia, osteoarthritis, stable ischemic heart disease, and hypertension. Her current medicines (all once daily) are carvedilol 12.5 mg, aspirin 81 mg, atorvastatin 20 mg, celecoxib 200 mg, controlled-release isosorbide mononitrate 60 mg and furosemide 20 mg. M.D. currently weighs 70 kg (up by 4 kg from last visit 6 months ago) and her blood pressure is 140/82 mmHg. Serum biochemistry (urea, creatinine and electrolytes) was normal when tested 6 weeks ago. LDL was 100 and HDL was 52. Her estimated creatinine clearance was 60 mL/min.

List two (2) factors that may have exacerbated M.D.’s heart failure and what suggestions you would provide for M.D.

M.D. is 69 years old, visits her GP for a repeat prescription of perindopril arginine 2.5 mg. She was diagnosed with heart failure and heart disease 1 year ago (LVEF < 40%) after a myocardial infarction and was started on carvedilol 12.5 mg. M.D. moved into a retirement village 1 year ago after the death of her husband. She is an active member of the walking group, but over the last 3 weeks she has had increased shortness of breath and fatigue after a steady 20 minute walk at the park. Since then she has reduced her level of physical activity and has also noticed swelling in her ankles despite her usual fluid tablets. She tells you that she has been having packaged soups instead of regular meals, because she finds it convenient, and is drinking more water than previously recommended (< 1.5 L/day was recommended after her heart failure diagnosis). Her medical history includes dyslipidemia, osteoarthritis, stable ischemic heart disease, and hypertension. Her current medicines (all once daily) are carvedilol 12.5 mg, aspirin 81 mg, atorvastatin 20 mg, celecoxib 200 mg, controlled-release isosorbide mononitrate 60 mg and furosemide 20 mg. M.D. currently weighs 70 kg (up by 4 kg from last visit 6 months ago) and her blood pressure is 140/82 mmHg. Serum biochemistry (urea, creatinine and electrolytes) was normal when tested 6 weeks ago. LDL was 100 and HDL was 52. Her estimated creatinine clearance was 60 mL/min.

evaluate legal and ethical concerns that should be considered when using this approach (Team -based)

In this problem, assume that the distribution of differences is approximately normal. Note: For degrees of freedom d.f. not in the Student's t table, use the closest d.f. that is smaller. In some situations, this choice of d.f. may increase the P-value by a small amount and therefore produce a slightly more "conservative" answer. Suppose that at five weather stations on Trail Ridge Road in Rocky Mountain National Park, the peak wind gusts (in miles per hour) for January and April are recorded below. Wilderness District 1 2 3 4 5 January 140 123 123 64 78 April 102 111 104 88 61 Does this information indicate that the peak wind gusts are higher in January than in April? Use α = 0.01. Solve the problem using the critical region method of testing. (Let d = January − April. Round your answers to three decimal places.) test statistic = critical value = Interpret your conclusion in the context of the application. Reject the null hypothesis, there is sufficient evidence to claim average peak wind gusts are higher in January. Fail to reject the null hypothesis, there is sufficient evidence to claim average peak wind gusts are higher in January. Reject the null hypothesis, there is insufficient evidence to claim average peak wind gusts are higher in January. Fail to reject the null hypothesis, there is insufficient evidence to claim average peak wind gusts are higher in January. Compare your conclusion with the conclusion obtained by using the P-value method. Are they the same? We reject the null hypothesis using the critical region method, but fail to reject using the P-value method. The conclusions obtained by using both methods are the same. We reject the null hypothesis using the P-value method, but fail to reject using the critical region method.

1- Natural selection (pick all that apply)

Group of answer choices

is a random event

can fashion perfect organisms

consistently creates non-adaptive traits

interacts with chance and the environment

does not require genetic variation to generate adaptations in descedent populations

2- Genetic drift can result when a few individuals colonize a new habitat - this is called what?

Group of answer choices

the founder effect

gene flow

genetic bottleneck

artificial selection

3- All animals belong to this domain.

Group of answer choices

Eukarya

Bacteria

Prokarya

Animalia

4- Pick characteristic(s) that apply to ALL animals.

Group of answer choices

Multicellular

single celled

Eukaryotic

Prokaryotic

Heterotrphic

Autotrophic

have no cell walls

active movement in at least one stage of life

have specialized proteins like collagen

5- What is the type of symmetry where the left and right sides of the animal are mirror images?

Group of answer choices

Bilateral

Radial

Asymmetry

6- These are the most successful group of mollusks in terms of numbers and habitats occupied.
Group of answer choices

gastropods

cephalopods

bivalves

chitons

7- What do we mean by the trophic structure of an ecosystem?
Group of answer choices

the feeding relationships between organisms in the community.

the sum of all the globes ecosystems

a biome

the amount of bioaccumulation

8- The increasing concentration of persistent organic pollutants in organisms at each successive trophic level is referred to as what?
Group of answer choices

biological magnification

energy pyramids

food webs

feeding sickness

9- This type of terrestrial biome is a rainforest which is characterized by an abundance of evergreen trees. Several of these rainforests can be found here in Washington at Olympic National Park
Group of answer choices

temperate rainforest

tropical rainforest

tundra

temperate grasslands

A data set is provided, entitled oldfaithful_asst, on the duration and height of the Old Faithful geyser in the Yellowstone National Park.

1. Construct a scatterplot using Excel or any software (SPSS or Minitab) between the variables “duration” and “height.” Please title the graph “Scatterplot 1 Old Faithful” and create labels for both axes.
2. There seems to be a an outlier in the data set. Although an outlier is not a detriment to the data analysis, as part of an exercise, identify the outlier and delete it (simply erase its value, do not replace with zero).

• Show the new (second) scatterplot and title the graph “Scatterplot 2 Old Faithful”
• Describe the pattern that emerges. What might this relationship imply?

3. Compute the correlation coefficient between the two variables and interpret this correlation. Refer to both the strength and direction of the correlation in your interpretation. Also interpret the correlation in terms of r-squared (coefficient of determination).
4. Conduct a regression to predict duration of an eruption using height and interpret the sample slope coefficient in words.
5. What is the predicted duration for an eruption that is 115?

Old Faithful data set to answer problem:

1. Smashed Pumpkin Farms (SPF) just paid a dividend of GH¢4.50 on its stock. The growth rate in dividends is expected to be a constant 7.5 percent per year, indefinitely. Investors require a 20 percent return on the stock for the first three years, an 11 percent return for the next three years, and then a 12 percent return, thereafter. What is the current share price for SPF stock?

2. Metallica Bearings, Inc., is a young start-up company. No dividends will be paid on the stock over the next five years because the firm needs to plough back its earnings to fuel growth. The company will pay a GH¢6 per share dividend in six years and will increase the dividend by 5 percent per year, thereafter. If the required return on this stock is 21 percent, what is the current share price?

3. South Park Corporation is expected to pay the following dividends over the next four years: GH¢4.75, GH¢3, GH¢2, and GH¢1. Afterwards, the company pledges to maintain a constant 9 percent growth rate in dividends, forever. If the required return on the stock is 16 percent, what is the current share price?

4. Mega Growth Co. is growing quickly. Dividends are expected to grow at a 30 percent rate for the next three years, with the growth rate falling off to a constant 7 percent, thereafter. If the

the required return is 21 percent and the company just paid a GH¢1.50 dividend, what is the current share price?

5. Janicek Corp. is experiencing rapid growth. Dividends are expected to grow at 20 percent per year during the next three years, 15 percent over the following year, and then 10 percent per year, indefinitely. The required return on this stock is 15 percent, and the stock currently sells for GH¢50.00 per share. What is the projected dividend for the coming year?

2. An environmentalist is interested in estimating the mean time between eruptions of Old
Faithful Geyser in Yellowstone National Park. Over the course of a year, she takes a random
sample of the time intervals (in minutes) between eruptions. Her results are recorded in the
following table. Both the population mean and standard deviation are unknown.

Time Between Eruptions (in minutes)
63 63 71 77 81 65
67 84 72 75 70 70
93 83 85 79 90 74
81 74 80 65 70 84
83 78 71 67 97 88
62 61 57 86 70 77
78 75 67 89 93 81
86 65 70 77 83 76
76 67 99 75 76 83
97 93 73 81 85 90
(a) Construct a stem-and-leaf diagrams of the times using two lines per stem.
(b) Describe the stem-and-leaf diagram. When describing a graph, you must describe the shape,
center and spread.
(c) Form a 95% confidence interval for the mean time between all eruptions of Old Faithful
Geyser. Use clear, complete sentences to interpret the interval.
Confidence Interval
(d) Based on the 95% confidence interval formed in part (c), is it plausible that the mean time
between all eruptions of Old Faithfull geyser is 77 minutes? Why or why not? Use clear,
complete sentences to state and justify your answer.
(e) Based on the 95% confidence interval formed in part (c), is it plausible that the mean time
between all eruptions of Old Faithfull geyser is 90 minutes? Why or why not? Use clear,
complete sentences to state and justify your answer.

Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) is an enzyme that elevates when the heart muscle is damaged. Assume that the population distribution of SGOT levels in adults with healthy hearts is known to be normally distributed with ? = 18.5 units/L and ? = 13.2 units/L.

a. What proportion of adults with a healthy heart have an SGOT level of above 25 units/L? (0.5pts)

b. For a sample size of ? = 40 from this population, what would be the sampling distribution of the mean SGOT level? Include the type of distribution and the values of the defining parameters. (0.5pts)

c. Now suppose you collected a sample of ? = 40 adults who recently underwent heart surgery. If the sample mean SGOT level you got was above 25 units/L, do you think that the SGOT level of people who have recently undergone heart surgery actually has a distribution with ? = 18.5 units/L? Why or why not?

For each of the following scenarios, state the appropriate null hypothesis and indicate whether the result corresponds to a Type-I error, a Type-II error, or no error. Use α=0.05. (1pt each)

a. A new method of relaxation training, which includes mediation and biofeedback, is reported to be successful at reducing high blood pressure, even though it doesn’t actually have any effect on blood pressure.

b. A study that tested if there was any relationship between a person’s heart rate and consuming a small amount of caffeine resulted in a p-value of 0.21. In truth, there is no relationship between heart rate and caffeine in this population.

c. Park officials tested if new design of bear-proof trash bins is more successful at keeping bears out than the bins they currently use. Fact is that the new design is actually more successful than the current one. Their test resulted in a p-value of 0.08.