Hypothesis: Prenatal nutrition and prenatal environmental exposure affect organogenesis of the human embryo and fetus.

Provide support for this hypothesis using citations from the scientific literature (search the pubmed.gov Website) to demonstrate how prenatal nutrition affects organogenesis in the embryo and fetus.

Specifically, discuss how maternal diet, vitamin intake, prenatal supplementation, prenatal exposure to dietary heavy metals promote or other toxins can regulate organogenesis, especially during weeks 4-8 of life.

INCLUDE ALL CITATIONS (IN-TEXT AS WELL).

1. A hospital’s human resources department is comparing work performance with work shift times (Shifts A, B, C).
   1. What are the two qualitative variables? Classify each of them as nominal or ordinal.

2. Write the hypotheses for a chi-square test of homogeneity.

3. The data from the study is shown below. Fill in the empty table with the row percentages for each shift. Round to the nearest tenth of a percent.

4. Does there seem to be a difference in the distribution of work performance among the shifts? Why or why not?

5. The p-value from a chi-square test of homogeneity on the performance data is 0.304. Does the conclusion, based on the p-value, match your intuition in part b)? Give a thorough explanation.

Exercise 2: Gestation Times The Biology Data Book reports that the gestation time for human babies averages 278 days with a standard deviation of 12 days. Suppose that these gestation times are normally distributed.

1. Find the upper and lower quartiles for the gestation times.

2. Would it be unusual to deliver a baby after only six months of gestation? Explain.

3. Find the number of days such that 90% of babies have gestation times less than or equal to this number

4. Find the number of days such that 90% of babies have gestation times larger than or equal to this number.

1) The Administrative Simplification standards adopted by Health and Human Services (HHS) under HIPAA apply to any organization/individual that is a

2) Under the Privacy Rule, information such as a social security number is

Consider the following statements about service department costs: I. The costs of the Human Resources Department in a manufacturing organization must be allocated to production departments in order to achieve a correct costing of inventory. II. The allocation of service department costs requires that an organization select both an allocation base and an allocation method. III. Service department cost allocations are more relevant for firms involved in service industries (e.g., repair, health care) than for those involved with manufacturing. Which of the above statements is (are) correct? Select one: a. II only. b. I only. c. II and III. d. I and II. e. I, II, and III.

Some researchers claim that herbal supplements improve human memory. To test this claim, a researcher selects a sample of n = 25 college students. Each student is given herbal supplements daily for 6 weeks and then all the participants are given a standardized memory test. For the population, scores on the tests are normally distributed with µ = 70 and σ= 20. The sample of n = 25 students had a mean score of M = 80. Can we conclude that the memory scores of the sample after the “herbal supplement” treatment are significantly greater than those of the general population(population mean before treatment)? Perform a hypothesis test using a z- score statistic. Use a one-tailed test with α = .05.

The z-score statistic is

The United Nations Human Development Report gives the following data for real GDP per person in​ 2014: China,​ $12,547; Russia,​ $22,352; Canada,​ $42,155; United​ States, $52,947. Other information suggests that household production is similar in Canada and the United States and smaller than in China and Russia. The underground economy is larger in Russia and China and a similar proportion of each of these economies. Canadians and Americans enjoy more leisure hours than do the Chinese and Russians. Canada and the United States spend significantly more on the environment than do China and Russia. In which pair​ (or pairs) of countries is it easiest to compare the standard of​ living? And in which pair​ (or pairs) is it most​ difficult? Explain why. The standard of living can be easily compared​ ______. A. between China and Canada because they have a similar land size B. among all four countries because real GDP per person includes a reliable measure of​ income, household​ production, the underground​ economy, leisure​ hours, and the environment C. among none of the four countries because they are too different D. between Russia and the United States because they are both super powers E. between China and Russia or between Canada and the United​ States, because household​ production, the underground​ economy, leisure​ hours, and the environment are similar in each pair The standard of living cannot be easily compared in​ ______ and​ ______ because​ ______. A. ​China; Canada; one is much bigger than the other B. either China or​ Russia; either Canada or the United​ States; in each pair household​ production, the underground​ economy, leisure​ hours, and the environment are different C. ​Russia; China; because one is much bigger than the other D. either China or​ Russia; either Canada or the United​ States; in each pair the population densities are different E. ​Canada; the United​ States; one is much bigger than the other

Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1) is a human genetic disorder. As well as physical symptoms, affected children often suffer from impaired cognition and learning. A cognitive task that involves solving a puzzle is administered to a group of children. For each child the time taken (in seconds) to solve the task is recorded. It is not known whether there is any suitable parametric model for the times so we will investigate non-parametric methods.

Carry out the Wilcoxon signed-rank test on these data to test the null hypothesis that the mean time to solve the puzzle for children with NF1 is the same as for healthy controls.

d) Calculate the value of the test statistic and give the approximate normal distribution of the test statistic under the null hypothesis.

e) Calculate the p-value for the test assuming a two-sided alternative hypothesis.

f) What do you conclude about the time taken by children with NF1 to solve the puzzle compared to healthy controls?

g) Describe in a few sentences how you would calculate a 95% confidence interval for the mean time without assuming any particular parametric model for the data. You do not need to calculate the interval.

The data below are the observed times ?? taken by 57 children with NF1.

Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1) is a human genetic disorder. As well as physical symptoms, affected children often suffer from impaired cognition and learning. A cognitive task that involves solving a puzzle is administered to a group of children. For each child the time taken (in seconds) to solve the task is recorded.

It is not known whether there is any suitable parametric model for the times so we will investigate non-parametric methods.

1. Calculate appropriate summary statistics and thus give the parameters for a normal distribution that may be applicable to these data.

2. Using the observed data, calculate the empirical distribution function. Plot the empirical distribution function and the CDF of the normal distribution described in (a) on a single graph.

3. Do you think the normal distribution is an appropriate model for the data? Justify your answer.

It is known that the mean time to solve the puzzle in healthy control children is 60 seconds.

The data for the observed times ?? taken by 57 children with NF1 are:

The human body maintains its internal temperature through thermoregulation, and a healthy adult has a mean body temperature of 98.6 °F.

The processes of thermoregulation begin to deteriorate in older age, making it difficult to diagnose elderly patients who might have an illness. To understand the body temperature of elderly patients, researchers randomly sampled the body temperatures of elderly patients from a large database of medical records where the body temperatures were normally distributed.

Conduct a two‑tailed, one‑sample ?-test

to determine whether the mean body temperature of the elderly patients is different from that of a healthy adult using the sample data provided (in degrees Fahrenheit). Use a significance level of ?=0.05.

96.6,96.7,96.8,97.4,97.4,97.8,97.8,98.2,98.4,98.9