A person with a cough is a persona non grata on airplanes, elevators, or at the theater. In theaters especially, the irritation level rises with each muffled explosion. According to Dr. Brian Carlin, a Pittsburgh pulmonologist, in any large audience you'll hear about 18 coughs per minute.

(a) Let r = number of coughs in a given time interval. Explain why the Poisson distribution would be a good choice for the probability distribution of r. Coughs are a common occurrence. It is reasonable to assume the events are independent. Coughs are a common occurrence. It is reasonable to assume the events are dependent. Coughs are a rare occurrence. It is reasonable to assume the events are independent. Coughs are a rare occurrence. It is reasonable to assume the events are dependent.

(b) Find the probability of seven or fewer coughs (in a large auditorium) in a 1-minute period. (Use 4 decimal places.)

(c) Find the probability of at least eight coughs (in a large auditorium) in a 28-second period. (Use 4 decimal places.)

Suppose that Disney is considering one more Toy Story movie. The company is not confident in box office sales, but they do believe that the file will create merchandising opportunities (DVDs, toys, clothes,..etc). Their early analysis believes the move will have an NPV of -$43.00 million if you only look at ticket sales in the theater. However, they also believe that the movie will create sales of $80.00 million per year in merchandise. The merchandise sales will decline each year by 21.00% in perpetuity. Let’s assume that after-tax operating margin on these sales is 14.00%, and that Disney has a cost of capital at 8.00%. What is the cash flow created by the merchandise side effect in the first year? (answer in terms of millions, so 1,000,000 would be 1.00)

Let’s value this as a perpetuity. The merchandise sales will continue indefinitely, BUT the sales will decrease each year. What is the net NPV for creating the movie? (answer in terms of millions, so 1,000,000 would be 1.00)

provide and discuss a specific example of socialization from life experience. (For example, you can discuss your involvement in sports, music, theater, or other group activities, your first paid job, moving to a new city, or an important family/cultural event or holiday, like Thanksgiving).

1. First, explain the experience in detail and then talk about what skills, values, or knowledge you developed as a result.
2. Identify the key agents of socialization (such as family, teachers, or coaches) and their various social roles and identities.  What agents were most directly involved in this experience, and why?
3. Reflect on the ways in which this experience is connected to cultural values and norms.  Which cultural values and norms did you learn about through this experience?
4. Discuss how this experience contributed to your perspective and position in society or social group.  What did you learn about yourself? What did you learn about society?

Suppose that Disney is considering one more Toy Story movie. The company is not confident in box office sales, but they do believe that the file will create merchandising opportunities (DVDs, toys, clothes,..etc). Their early analysis believes the move will have an NPV of -$39.00 million if you only look at ticket sales in the theater. However, they also believe that the movie will create sales of $82.00 million per year in merchandise. The merchandise sales will decline each year by 26.00% in perpetuity. Let’s assume that after-tax operating margin on these sales is 11.00%, and that Disney has a cost of capital at 10.00%.

A) What is the cash flow created by the merchandise side effect in the first year? (answer in terms of millions, so 1,000,000 would be 1.00)

B) Let’s value this as a perpetuity. The merchandise sales will continue indefinitely, BUT the sales will decrease each year. What is the net NPV for creating the movie? (answer in terms of millions, so 1,000,000 would be 1.00)

Provide guidance on how a firm could mitigate the impact of currency exchange changes: EUR/AED (Euros / United Arab Emirates Dirham)

- How should the firm approach transaction, translation, and/or operating exposure in the UAE (United Arab Emirates)

Scenario:

You are operating a German manufacturing firm in the UAE.

The merger between United Airlines and Continental Airlines. Although the merger was initiated in 2010 many issues still exist today in 2020 related to that merger.

What accounting method was used to account for the merger of Continental and United? What are the reporting implications?

The answer needs to be 3-5 sentences with examples please

Intermediate Accounting II

1. United Health Group leased a life support machine on January 1, 2018, for a three-year period ending December 31, 2020. The lease agreement specified annual payments of $144,000 beginning with the first payment at the beginning of the lease, and each December 31 through 2019. The company had the option to purchase the machine on December 30, 2020, for $180,000 when its fair value was expected to be $240,000, a sufficient difference that exercise seems reasonably certain. The machine's estimated useful life was six years with no salvage value. United Health was aware that the lessor's implicit rate of return was 12%.

Required:

Round your answers to the nearest whole dollar amounts.

1.          Calculate the amount United Health should record as a right-of-use asset and lease liability for this finance lease.
2.          Prepare the appropriate journal entries for United Health from the beginning of the lease through the second payment (12/31/18).

Nilam Patel is the primary stockholder in two hotel corporations. One corporation owns a 90‐room economy property located in the suburbs of a large western town. The other corporation is a 350‐room full‐service convention hotel in the downtown city center for which Nilam has employed a management company to operate the property. Nilam is preparing balance sheets for both properties using a common size format. Complete the two balance sheets. Then answer the questions that follow.

1. What was the amount of cash in the 90‐room property's Cash in House Banks account at year end?
2. What is the amount of Allowance for Doubtful Accounts in the 350‐room property? Do you think it is excessive? Explain your answer?
3. What would explain the lack of a beverage inventory value in the 90‐room hotel?
4. What was the dollar amount of Total Assets in the 90‐room hotel?
5. What was the dollar amount of Total Assets in the 350‐room hotel?
6. What was the dollar amount of Current Maturities of Long‐Term Debt in the 350‐room property? Why is that amount likely so much higher than for the 90‐room property?
7. What was the dollar amount of Paid in Capital for the 90‐room property?
8. What is the Owners' Equity percentage of Total Assets in the 90‐room property? What is it in the 350‐room property?

1. 8. BONUS: Nilam Patel is the primary stockholder in two hotel corporations. One corporation owns a 90‐room economy property located in the suburbs of a large western town. The other corporation is a 350‐room full‐service convention hotel in the downtown city center for which Nilam has employed a management company to operate the property. Nilam is preparing balance sheets for both properties using a common size format. Complete the two balance sheets. Then answer the questions that follow.

   Nilam Patel's Two Hotel's Balance Sheets

   	December 31		Common Size
   	90‐Room Property	350‐Room Property	90‐Room Property (%)	350‐Room Property (%)
   ASSETS
   Current Assets
   Cash
   Cash in House Banks		$86,000
   Cash in Demand Deposits	85,000	330,250
   Total Cash	103,500	416,250
   Short‐Term Investments	56,000	165,000
   Receivables
   Accounts Receivable	150,000	327,150
   Notes Receivable	35,000	136,250
   Other	750	30,800
   Total Receivables	185,750	494,200
   Less Allowance for Doubtful Accounts	19,250
   Net Receivables	166,500	431,900	1.4	1.1
   Due from Management Company	—	50,000	0.0	0.1
   Food Inventories	15,125	69,750	0.1	0.2
   Beverage Inventories	—	42,550	0.0	0.1
   Gift Shop Inventories	300	6,950	0.0	0.0
   Supplies Inventories	6,550	13,550	0.1	0.0
   Prepaid Expenses	56,000	120,100	0.5	0.3
   Deferred Income Taxes—Current	48,000	135,000	0.4	0.3
   Total Current Assets
   Investments	72,500	274,150	0.6	0.7
   Property and Equipment
   Land	2,000,000	8,450,000
   Building	6,500,000	18,500,000
   Leaseholds and Leasehold improvements	2,037,250	5,850,000
   Furnishings and Equipment	1,288,000	3,105,000
   Total Property and Equipment	11,825,250	35,905,000
   Less Accumulated Depreciation and Amortization	575,000	2,575,000
   Net Property and Equipment	11,250,250	38,480,000
   Other Assets
   Intangible Assets	—	75,000	0.0	0.2
   Deferred Income Taxes—Non‐current	66,000	158,000	0.6	0.4
   Operating Equipment	35,100	111,000	0.3	0.3
   Restricted Cash	25,000	95,000	0.2	0.2
   Total Other Assets	126,100	439,000	1.1	1.1
   TOTAL ASSETS			100.0	100.0
   LIABILITIES AND OWNERS' EQUITY
   Current Liabilities
   Notes Payable
   Banks	17,500	116,250	0.1	0.3
   Others	8,000	17,500	0.1	0.0
   Total Notes Payable	25,500	133,750	0.2	0.3
   Accounts Payable	2,500	125,100
   Accrued Expenses	45,000	42,500
   Advance Deposits	500	42,250
   Income Taxes Payable	15,000	78,000
   Deferred Income Taxes—Current	40,000	235,000
   Current Maturities of Long‐Term Debt	420,000
   Other	50,000	58,000
   Total Current Liabilities	598,500	2,399,600	5.0	5.9
   Long‐term Debt, Net of Current Maturities
   Mortgage Note		24,383,030
   Obligations Under Capital Leases	18,000	385,000	0.2	0.9
   Total Long‐Term Liabilities	6,868,000
   Owners' Equity
   Common Stock	500,000	2,000,000
   Paid in Capital		8,711,500
   Retained Earnings	879,325	2,765,070
   Total Owners' Equity	4,434,325	13,476,570
   TOTAL LIABILITIES AND OWNERS' EQUITY			100	100

   1. What was the amount of cash in the 90‐room property's Cash in House Banks account at year end?
   2. What is the amount of Allowance for Doubtful Accounts in the 350‐room property? Do you think it is excessive? Explain your answer?
   3. What would explain the lack of a beverage inventory value in the 90‐room hotel?
   4. What was the dollar amount of Total Assets in the 90‐room hotel?
   5. What was the dollar amount of Total Assets in the 350‐room hotel?
   6. What was the dollar amount of Current Maturities of Long‐Term Debt in the 350‐room property? Why is that amount likely so much higher than for the 90‐room property?
   7. What was the dollar amount of Paid in Capital for the 90‐room property?
   8. What is the Owners' Equity percentage of Total Assets in the 90‐room property? What is it in the 350‐room property?

PLEASE READ AND ANSWER QUESTIONS

Global View: International Privacy Laws

Today’s online world, including the increasing use of the cloud to store data on remote third-party servers, offers unprecedented opportunities for the global storage and transfer of personal information. To address the risks associated with the unregulated exchange of personal information, many jurisdictions around the world have enacted privacy laws, regulations, and rules dealing with data collection, processing, storage, disclosure, and use. Although definitions of the term privacy vary, common elements include freedom or protection of individuals and sometimes groups from unauthorized or unwanted intrusion into, or observation of, their personal information and from violation of the integrity of this information.

The type of protection, as well as the speed, level of completeness, and depth of regulation and implementation, varies from country to country. Increasingly, countries have addressed the cross-border transfer of personal information and taken steps to prevent the circumvention of existing national laws governing the storage, processing, and disclosure of information through the “off-shoring” of these activities. Accordingly, when multinational companies do business outside their home country, including offering products or services on the Internet, and collect personal information from residents of a foreign country, they are likely to fall under the privacy laws and regulations in that country.

The following is a brief overview of privacy laws and regulations in several key jurisdictions.

European Union

The European Union (EU) Data Protection Directive (Directive 95/46/EC), adopted in 1995, requires its Member States to safeguard the privacy of personal data by

(1)

giving notice to individuals about how their information will be used;

(2)

offering a choice when disclosing information to third parties (with opt-in consent required for sensitive information);

(3)

maintaining the security of personal information;

(4)

ensuring that the data are reliable, accurate, and current; and

(5)

giving individuals access to examine, correct, and delete information about themselves.

Because each EU Member State had to incorporate the provisions of the Data Protection Directive into national law for them to be binding, there is some variation in the privacy laws among the states.

The EU adopted the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in 2016. It will enter into full force across all Member States on May 25, 2018. The GDPR will replace Directive 95/46/EC and affect organizations based within the EU, as well as foreign organizations doing business there. Although the GDPR is intended to make it easier for multinational entities operating across the EU to comply with data protection law, certain aspects of the regulation permit Member States to enact their own legislation, so inconsistencies in application may exist.

An important principle of both the Data Protection Directive and the GDPR is that personal information generally should not be collected unless the collection is

(1)

proportional (meaning adequate and not excessive relative to its purpose),

(2)

transparent (meaning that the affected individual must be informed as to the circumstances of the collection and consent to it), and

(3)

for a legitimate purpose.

The GDPR will make it easier for individuals to access and control their own data, including information on how their data are processed; make it easier to transfer personal data between service providers; clarify the “right to be forgotten,” which allows an individual to require that certain personal data be deleted (the subject of the “Inside Story” in Chapter 24); and, under certain circumstances, require notification when data have been hacked (e.g., if the breach is likely to result in a “high risk” to the data subject). Additionally, a data subject’s consent to process personal data must be “as easy to withdraw as to give.” In the case of “sensitive data,” consent must be explicit.

By modernizing and unifying the rules, cutting red tape, and reinforcing consumer trust, the GDPR will help businesses reap the benefits of the “Digital Single Market.” The legislation will create a “one-stop-shop” so that businesses can deal with only one privacy supervisory authority, making it less costly to do business in the EU; require companies based abroad to apply the same rules as EU-based firms when offering services inside the EU; provide for a “risk-based approach” to incorporating the rules; and require firms to build in data protection safeguards when developing products and services in the beginning stages of development (so-called data protection by design).

The GDPR broadened the definition of personal and sensitive data to include political opinions, religious and philosophical beliefs, health and sex life, and genetic and biometric data. The regulation applies both to data controllers (the entities determining how and why personal data are processed) in the EU and to data processors (the entities that process the personal data on behalf of data controllers) in the EU. The GDPR also applies to controllers and processors outside of the EU whose processing activities involve offering goods or services to EU data subjects or monitoring these subjects’ behavior within the EU.Penalties for breaching the GDPR can be significant.

Unlike the Data Protection Directive, the GDPR does not require a company that processes personal information (“personal data”) to register or notify data protection supervisory authorities before it starts collecting personal information. Instead, data controllers are required to maintain appropriate records to evidence compliance with the GDPR. Personal information may be transferred into third countries (countries outside the EU) only if the third country provides an adequate level of protection for the information.

Although the United States is not regarded as providing adequate protection, the EU and the United States adopted the EU-U.S. Privacy Shield in 2016 to permit the transfer of personal information from any EU member state to the United States under certain circumstances. The EU-U.S. Privacy Shield requires U.S. companies to ensure that individuals’ digital information, “from social media posts and search queries to information about workers’ pensions and payroll,” is not misused. Companies must adhere to seven principles: notice; choice; accountability for onward transfer; security; data integrity and purpose limitation; access; and recourse, enforcement, and liability, all as determined by self-assessment or assessment of a third party, with recertification required each year. The rules apply to all companies regardless of whether they are social media platforms, pharmaceutical companies, or industrial conglomerates subject to the jurisdiction of the FTC or the U.S Department of Transportation. In addition, the agreement requires the United States to provide an annual guarantee that its intelligence agencies will not have “indiscriminate access” to Europeans’ digital data when these data are sent to the United States. The agreement enables about $260 billion of trade in digital services, with nearly 2,000 companies (including Facebook, Google, and Microsoft) relying on the EU-U.S. Privacy Shield to store data about EU citizens on U.S. servers. A separate Swiss-U.S. Privacy Shield became effective in April 2017 and covers data transfers from Switzerland.

In January 2017, the European Commission proposed a revision to the ePrivacy Directive that aims to reinforce the right to privacy and control of data for European citizens. (Directive 2002/58/EC, referred to as the ePrivacy Directive, protects the privacy of communications over public electronic networks.) The revision would require messaging, email, and voice service providers to guarantee the “confidentiality of conversations and metadata around the time, place and other factors of those conversations.” The rules would prohibit service providers, such as Facebook Messenger, Google, WhatsApp, Skype, and others, from listening to, tapping, intercepting, scanning, or storing communications without users’ consent (except for certain “critical” functions); require “explicit consent” before data could be used for advertising; and eliminate consent requirements for cookies that do not affect privacy (“privacy intrusive” cookies would still require consent). As with the GDPR, the fines for noncompliance would be significant. The proposed rule was designed to close the “perceived regulation gap between traditional telecom[] companies and predominantly US-based internet communications companies” and to also allow telecom companies to use certain metadata—for example, the length and location of calls—to provide more services and earn more revenue. Although one EU regulator asserted that the proposed regulation is balanced because it gives consumers a high level of protection while also permitting businesses to innovate, others have stated that the EU is “on the verge of a regulation overload,” as this proposal follows shortly after the adoption of the GDPR.Further, an industry spokesperson representing Google and other companies argued that the proposed revision risks “incoherence and confusion” because the GDPR requires one approach to safeguarding privacy and ePrivacy calls for another approach.

Exercise:

Read Global View article on international privacy laws [pages 247-249 of textbook.]

Note especially the European Union General Data Protection Regulation [GDPR] which entered into force on May 25, 2018. Note that the EU approach to data privacy is that the data is a digital asset of the owner and that organizations seeking to use your data must secure your affirmative consent and that the consent needs to be proportionate, transparent and for a legitimate purpose, including the right to be forgotten. The regulation applies to organizations outside the EU to the extent that they handle the data of EU nationals.

You are the Chief Privacy Officer of Facebook. Facebook accumulates and analyzes the data of persons accessing its service [even if open on your computer when doing other activities.] Facebook then sells advertising to third parties based on the data. Facebook currently considers your accession to their service as consent for the collection and use of your data. Facebook currently benefits from increased use. This is called a network effect. 'Network effect' is a phenomenon whereby a product or service gains additional value as more people use it.

Write a one [1] paragraph response in Word format and post to the Course Discussion Board:

If data is a digital asset owned by the individual, do individuals in the EU have the right to charge Facebook for each use of the individual's data? If so, what impact will this have on the market value of Facebook's stock