1. Determine the number of electrons, protons and neutrons in each isotope of titanium based on the table below. Determine its atomic mass.

2. For each compound listed below write down the correct formula and calculate the formula mass.

• Iron(III) sulfide

• Aluminum nitrate

• Carbon tetrachloride

• Perchloric acid

• Ammonium hydroxide

3. Aluminum is refined from the mineral bauxite, which is mostly aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3). Presuming that an ore sample is approximately 54% bauxite, how much Al could be extracted from 1 kg of ore? (Already done in class)

4. Calcium carbonate (a weak base) reacts with nitric acid (a strong acid) quantitatively in the following reaction to form calcium nitrate, water and carbon dioxide: How many kg of carbon dioxide (CO2) are formed per kg of CaCO3 reacted? Presume that there is an excess of HNO3 available.

5. Metallic sodium reacts vigorously with liquid bromine in the following reaction: 1 kg of Na is brought into contact with 3 kg of liquid bromine. Presuming that the reaction is quantitative and proceeds to completion, determine the limiting reagent and the quantity of NaBr formed. Determine the amount of excess reagent remaining after the reaction is complete.

6. The combustion of gasoline (C8H18) with excess oxygen produces carbon dioxide and water.

• Write a balanced chemical reaction for the combustion of gasoline to yield carbon dioxide and water.

• Presuming that a tank of gasoline contains 80 liters and that its density is 0.77 kg/liter, determine how many kg of CO2 are produced for each tank of gasoline burned.

Also, the products for octane + O2 should be carbon dioxide and water. Now, you have to write it in chemical formulas and balance the equation.

1. Using 3 nucleotides, adenine, guanine, and cytosine, illustrate why the sequence in DNA is read from 5’--------?3’. Draw the structures of the linked nucleotides to illustrate your answer.

2. Draw the structure of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoinositol. Using the drawing, illustrate the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids: 16:0 and 18:1, n-9.

3. Discuss how the structure of the cell membrane regulates the passage of material in and out of the cell. To answer this question, list and draw the components of a phosphocholine molecule in the cell membrane. Hint, pay attention to polar head and nonpolar tails:

4. Discuss the function of the following organelles and cellular structures:

Smooth E.R.

Rough E.R.

Mitochondria

Golgi Apparatus

Vesicle

Nucleolus

Ribosomes

5. Define G-proteins and discuss the mechanism of their activation:

6. Discuss the function of an active adenylate cyclase and the mechanism of generation of cAMP:

7. Explain the activation process of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKK) that may be initiated by platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF):

8. Discuss the function of histone deacetylases in the gene transcription process.

Suppose samples of six different brands of diet or imitation margarine were analyzed to determine the level of physiologically active polyunsaturated fatty acids (PAPUFA, in percent), resulting in the data shown in the accompanying table.

(a) Test for differences among the true average PAPUFA percentages for the different brands. Use α = 0.05. Calculate the test statistic. (Round your answer to two decimal places.)

F =

(b) Use the T-K procedure to compute 95% simultaneous confidence intervals for all differences between means. (Round your answers to three decimal places.)

Imperial and Parkay (____,_____)

Imperial and Blue Bonnet (____,_____)

Imperial and Chiffon (____,_____)

Imperial and Mazola (____,_____)

Imperial and Fleischmann's (____,_____)

Parkay and Blue Bonnet (____,_____)

Parkay and Chiffon (____,_____)

Parkay and Mazola (____,_____)

Parkay and Fleischmann's (____,_____)

Blue Bonnet and Chiffon (____,_____)

Blue Bonnet and Mazola (____,_____)

Blue Bonnet and Fleischmann's (____,_____)

Chiffon and Mazola (____,_____)

Chiffon and Fleischmann's (____,_____)

Mazola and Fleischmann's (____,_____)

1. The lower the melting point, the more fluid the fatty acid at a given temperature. What determines whether the fatty acid (lipid) is solid or liquid at a given temperature?
   
2. Compare the melting point of the fatty acids indicated in the table below. Why does stearic acid have the highest meting point and linoleic acid has the lowest?
   

3. Define the following terms:

1. Omega-3 fatty acid

1. Facilitated diffusion

4. How many Acetyl-CoA, FADH2 and NADH molecules are generated from complete β- oxidation of one Stearic acid (see question-2 table).

5. How many ATP molecules are generated from complete β- oxidation Myristic acid indicated in question-2 table? (Show detail calculations of your answer)

Two enterprising chemistry students decide to develop an alternative to Alka-Seltzer tablets, replacing the aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) with vitamin c (ascorbic acid). The following table shows one of the formulations they tried for a 5 g tablet.

When the tablet dissolves in water, it "frizzes" as the bicarbonate reacts with the citric acid and the vitamin C. What mass of NaHCO₃ reacts with the vitamin C?

Citric acid is triprotic, and reacts with the base to form the citrate ino (C₆H₅O₇^3-). Write the overall ionic reaction for the acidification of the NaHCO₃ by the citric acid, giving CO₂ as the product. Citric acid should be written as H₃C₆H₅O₇ in the net ionic equation, as weak acids are written in the molecular form even though they slightly ionize.

What mass of the NaHCO₃ reacts with the citric acid?

What is the mass of CO₂ released in this reaction?

THe remaining NaHCO₃ is available to neautralize stomach acid. What mass of stomach HCL could be neutralized by one tablet?

BACKGROUND INFORMATION:

Vinnie is a professional road cyclist participating in the 2020 Giro d’Italia, a three-week race nearly 3,600 km in distance with some stages exceeding altitudes of 2,700 m above sea level (i.e., Stelvio Pass, Italy). As the newly hired head of the high-performance team, it is your responsibility to manage his preparation for the event. You must demonstrate to your team a fundamental understanding of physiology, the chronic adaptations expected from his training, and methods that could be implemented to improve the likelihood of success.

QUESTION:

During a casual chat with a sport scientist from another team, they suggest preparing “finish bottles” for the longer legs of the race. Along with a dose of painkillers, a “finish bottle” typically contains an ergogenic dose of caffeine (i.e., approximately 3 to 5 mg·kg^-1 of bodyweight).

A. As a sympathetic nervous system stimulant, what acute physiological changes will likely occur following caffeine ingestion at these doses?

B. Additionally, caffeine has a mild effect at mobilising free fatty acids. Please describe what is meant by mobilisation, and how this may influence performance.

Name or write the formulas of the following compounds:

Name or write the formulas of the following compounds:

Name or write the formulas of the following compounds:

Name or write the formulas of the following compounds:

Name or write the formulas of the following compounds:

Titration Curve of unknown Acid

Molarity of NaOH =.172

1. Your unknown acid is one of the following: oxalic acid (H2C2O4*2H20, pKa1=1.27, pKa2=4.27), citraconic acid (C5H6O4, pKa1=2.29, pKa2=6.15), or Maleic Acid (C4H4O4, pKa1=1.92, pKa2=6.09). These acids are classified as diprotic. Calculate the molar mass for your acid using the average mass from trials 1 and 2 and the average volume at the first equivalence point; then redo the calculation using the average mass from trials 1 and 2 and the average volume at the second equivalence point.

2. Using the average molar mass at the second equivalence point that you calculated in question 1, and your average values of pKa1 and pKa2, indentifiy your unknown acid. Explain.

QUESTION 1

1. The ---------------- of a neuron gather information (from other neurons or from the environment) and turn it into a localized electrical signal called ----------------.

   	A.	dendrites; graded potentials
   	B.	axon terminal; neurotransmitters
   	C.	axon hillock; exocytosis
   	D.	cell body; action potentials
   	E.	axons; graded potentials

2.5 points   

QUESTION 2

1. Sensory neurons are also known as -------------- neurons and relay information toward the CNS. Whereas motor neurons are also known as ---------- neurons and relay information away from the CNS toward the effector tissue.

   	A.	afferent; efferent
   	B.	inter-; efferent
   	C.	inter-; afferent
   	D.	afferent; inter-
   	E.	efferent; afferent

2.5 points   

QUESTION 3

1. The function of myelin is to...

   (Select all correct answers)

   	A.	none of these are correct
   	B.	insulate nerve fibers (axons)
   	C.	phagocytize microorganisms
   	D.	increase transmission speed of action potentials

2.5 points   

QUESTION 4

1. Which of the following is/are true concerning the function of the nervous system? (Choose all that are correct.)

   	A.	integrative function integrates, analyzes, and stores information
   	B.	motor function elicits proper response
   	C.	integrative function detects internal and external stimuli
   	D.	motor function of the nervous system integrates, analyzes, and stores information
   	E.	sensory function of the nervous system detects internal and external stimuli

2.5 points   

QUESTION 5

1. The spaces between myelination are called:

   	A.	oligodendrocytes
   	B.	satellite cells
   	C.	schwann cells
   	D.	nodes of ranvier
   	E.	saltatory conduction

2.5 points   

QUESTION 6

1. During a relative refractory period of an action potential

   	A.	Another action potential can be fired, it just takes a greater stimulus for the membrane potential to reach threshold
   	B.	Na+ channels are either already open or are inactivated therefore the membrane absolutely can not produce another action potential, no matter how intense the stimulus
   	C.	Ca++ flows out of the cell, causing hyperpolarization and a need for a greater stimulus to generate the action potential
   	D.	The presynaptic neuron "tells" the postsynaptic neuron about the "relative" strength of signal
   	E.	None of the above are correct

2.5 points   

QUESTION 7

1. Which ion channel opens/closes in response to a chemical (ex. neurotransmitter, drug, hormone) binding to it?

   	A.	leak channels
   	B.	ligand gated channels
   	C.	voltage gated channels
   	D.	mechanically gated channels

2.5 points   

QUESTION 8

1. A graded potential that moves the membrane potential further away from threshold is:

   	A.	action potential
   	B.	resting membrane potential
   	C.	depolarization
   	D.	hyperpolarization
   	E.	excitation

2.5 points   

QUESTION 9

1. Acetylcholinesterase is:

   	A.	An enzyme present on both the postsynaptic membrane and in the synaptic cleft; it inactivates acetylcholine by breaking it into acetate and choline.
   	B.	An enzyme present in the postsynaptic membrane and in the synaptic cleft which inactivates the catecholamines.
   	C.	An enzyme responsible for making acetylcholine from acetate and choline.
   	D.	An enzyme responsible for converting dopamine into norepinephrine.
   	E.	Two of the above are correct.

2.5 points   

QUESTION 10

1. Rank the following, based on speed of Action Potential conduction (propagation) through the axon, from slowest to fastest.

         -       I.       II.       III.       IV.         

   myelinated axon with a diameter of 20 micrometers

   
         -       I.       II.       III.       IV.         

   unmyelinated axon with a diameter of 10 micrometers

   
         -       I.       II.       III.       IV.         

   myelinated axon with a diameter of 12 micrometers

   
         -       I.       II.       III.       IV.         

   unmyelinated axon with a diameter of 2 micrometers

2.5 points   

QUESTION 11

1. Which of the following is true of the Nodes of Ranvier?

   	A.	They are produced by microglia in the central nervous system and satellite cells in the peripheral nervous system.
   	B.	They are located along the axon of a neuron and have a high concentration of voltage-gated Ca++ channels.
   	C.	They are areas of myelination which prevent loss of charge across the plasma membrane of the neuron.
   	D.	They are located on neuronal axons, at the gaps between myelination. There is a high concentration of voltage gated Na+ channels and voltage gated K+ channels which allow for the production of action potentials at the Nodes of Ranvier.
   	E.	They increase the loss of charge along the plasma membrane of a neuron.

2.5 points   

QUESTION 12

1. Speed of conduction (propagation) of an action potential is increased by:

   	A.	increased diameter of an axon & myelination
   	B.	decreased diameter of an axon & myelination
   	C.	increased diameter of an axon & non-myelination
   	D.	decreased diameter of an axon & non-myelination
   	E.	none of the above

2.5 points   

QUESTION 13

1. Saltatory conduction is:

   	A.	The dissolving of salt (NaCl) into the blood, thereby affecting osmolarity of blood.
   	B.	Synaptic transmission about dietary intake of salt.
   	C.	The way two neurons communicate with each other-- information "jumps" back and forth from one neuron to another neuron.
   	D.	The apparent "jumping" of action potentials from node of ranvier to node of ranvier.
   	E.	A special name for the generation of an action potential down an unmyelinated axon.

2.5 points   

QUESTION 14

1. Which of the following is true of cholinergic receptors:

1. 	A.	Collectively
   	B.	Spatially
   	C.	Chronically
   	D.	Temporally
   	E.	Tonically

2.5 points   

QUESTION 40

1. One neuron synapses onto the dendrite of one neuron. The presynaptic neuron fires one action potential and releases neurotransmitter into the synapse, yet it is not strong enough to generate an action potential in the postsynaptic neuron. But, if this presynaptic neuron fires multiple action potentials in a short period of time, the postsynaptic neuron reaches threshold. This process is called --------------.

   	A.	EPSP/IPSP cancellation
   	B.	Temporal summation
   	C.	Chronicle summation
   	D.	Spatial summation
   	E.	Tonical summation

Proper hand washing helps prevent the spread of infections. Unfortunately, "smart bugs" can still find alternate ways to invade the body. Some of these bugs are viral and some are bacterial. What is the difference?

Bacterial Infection Vs. Viral Infection

1. Compare and contrast bacteria versus viruses.
2. How do bacteria and viruses invade the human body?
3. Provide symptoms that people may experience.
4. When is it necessary to prescribe antibiotics?
5. What happens when antibiotics are over prescribed?