Name or write the formulas of the following compounds:

Name or write the formulas of the following compounds:

Name or write the formulas of the following compounds:

Name or write the formulas of the following compounds:

Name or write the formulas of the following compounds:

Titration Curve of unknown Acid

Molarity of NaOH =.172

1. Your unknown acid is one of the following: oxalic acid (H2C2O4*2H20, pKa1=1.27, pKa2=4.27), citraconic acid (C5H6O4, pKa1=2.29, pKa2=6.15), or Maleic Acid (C4H4O4, pKa1=1.92, pKa2=6.09). These acids are classified as diprotic. Calculate the molar mass for your acid using the average mass from trials 1 and 2 and the average volume at the first equivalence point; then redo the calculation using the average mass from trials 1 and 2 and the average volume at the second equivalence point.

2. Using the average molar mass at the second equivalence point that you calculated in question 1, and your average values of pKa1 and pKa2, indentifiy your unknown acid. Explain.

QUESTION 1

1. The ---------------- of a neuron gather information (from other neurons or from the environment) and turn it into a localized electrical signal called ----------------.

   	A.	dendrites; graded potentials
   	B.	axon terminal; neurotransmitters
   	C.	axon hillock; exocytosis
   	D.	cell body; action potentials
   	E.	axons; graded potentials

2.5 points   

QUESTION 2

1. Sensory neurons are also known as -------------- neurons and relay information toward the CNS. Whereas motor neurons are also known as ---------- neurons and relay information away from the CNS toward the effector tissue.

   	A.	afferent; efferent
   	B.	inter-; efferent
   	C.	inter-; afferent
   	D.	afferent; inter-
   	E.	efferent; afferent

2.5 points   

QUESTION 3

1. The function of myelin is to...

   (Select all correct answers)

   	A.	none of these are correct
   	B.	insulate nerve fibers (axons)
   	C.	phagocytize microorganisms
   	D.	increase transmission speed of action potentials

2.5 points   

QUESTION 4

1. Which of the following is/are true concerning the function of the nervous system? (Choose all that are correct.)

   	A.	integrative function integrates, analyzes, and stores information
   	B.	motor function elicits proper response
   	C.	integrative function detects internal and external stimuli
   	D.	motor function of the nervous system integrates, analyzes, and stores information
   	E.	sensory function of the nervous system detects internal and external stimuli

2.5 points   

QUESTION 5

1. The spaces between myelination are called:

   	A.	oligodendrocytes
   	B.	satellite cells
   	C.	schwann cells
   	D.	nodes of ranvier
   	E.	saltatory conduction

2.5 points   

QUESTION 6

1. During a relative refractory period of an action potential

   	A.	Another action potential can be fired, it just takes a greater stimulus for the membrane potential to reach threshold
   	B.	Na+ channels are either already open or are inactivated therefore the membrane absolutely can not produce another action potential, no matter how intense the stimulus
   	C.	Ca++ flows out of the cell, causing hyperpolarization and a need for a greater stimulus to generate the action potential
   	D.	The presynaptic neuron "tells" the postsynaptic neuron about the "relative" strength of signal
   	E.	None of the above are correct

2.5 points   

QUESTION 7

1. Which ion channel opens/closes in response to a chemical (ex. neurotransmitter, drug, hormone) binding to it?

   	A.	leak channels
   	B.	ligand gated channels
   	C.	voltage gated channels
   	D.	mechanically gated channels

2.5 points   

QUESTION 8

1. A graded potential that moves the membrane potential further away from threshold is:

   	A.	action potential
   	B.	resting membrane potential
   	C.	depolarization
   	D.	hyperpolarization
   	E.	excitation

2.5 points   

QUESTION 9

1. Acetylcholinesterase is:

   	A.	An enzyme present on both the postsynaptic membrane and in the synaptic cleft; it inactivates acetylcholine by breaking it into acetate and choline.
   	B.	An enzyme present in the postsynaptic membrane and in the synaptic cleft which inactivates the catecholamines.
   	C.	An enzyme responsible for making acetylcholine from acetate and choline.
   	D.	An enzyme responsible for converting dopamine into norepinephrine.
   	E.	Two of the above are correct.

2.5 points   

QUESTION 10

1. Rank the following, based on speed of Action Potential conduction (propagation) through the axon, from slowest to fastest.

         -       I.       II.       III.       IV.         

   myelinated axon with a diameter of 20 micrometers

   
         -       I.       II.       III.       IV.         

   unmyelinated axon with a diameter of 10 micrometers

   
         -       I.       II.       III.       IV.         

   myelinated axon with a diameter of 12 micrometers

   
         -       I.       II.       III.       IV.         

   unmyelinated axon with a diameter of 2 micrometers

2.5 points   

QUESTION 11

1. Which of the following is true of the Nodes of Ranvier?

   	A.	They are produced by microglia in the central nervous system and satellite cells in the peripheral nervous system.
   	B.	They are located along the axon of a neuron and have a high concentration of voltage-gated Ca++ channels.
   	C.	They are areas of myelination which prevent loss of charge across the plasma membrane of the neuron.
   	D.	They are located on neuronal axons, at the gaps between myelination. There is a high concentration of voltage gated Na+ channels and voltage gated K+ channels which allow for the production of action potentials at the Nodes of Ranvier.
   	E.	They increase the loss of charge along the plasma membrane of a neuron.

2.5 points   

QUESTION 12

1. Speed of conduction (propagation) of an action potential is increased by:

   	A.	increased diameter of an axon & myelination
   	B.	decreased diameter of an axon & myelination
   	C.	increased diameter of an axon & non-myelination
   	D.	decreased diameter of an axon & non-myelination
   	E.	none of the above

2.5 points   

QUESTION 13

1. Saltatory conduction is:

   	A.	The dissolving of salt (NaCl) into the blood, thereby affecting osmolarity of blood.
   	B.	Synaptic transmission about dietary intake of salt.
   	C.	The way two neurons communicate with each other-- information "jumps" back and forth from one neuron to another neuron.
   	D.	The apparent "jumping" of action potentials from node of ranvier to node of ranvier.
   	E.	A special name for the generation of an action potential down an unmyelinated axon.

2.5 points   

QUESTION 14

1. Which of the following is true of cholinergic receptors:

1. 	A.	Collectively
   	B.	Spatially
   	C.	Chronically
   	D.	Temporally
   	E.	Tonically

2.5 points   

QUESTION 40

1. One neuron synapses onto the dendrite of one neuron. The presynaptic neuron fires one action potential and releases neurotransmitter into the synapse, yet it is not strong enough to generate an action potential in the postsynaptic neuron. But, if this presynaptic neuron fires multiple action potentials in a short period of time, the postsynaptic neuron reaches threshold. This process is called --------------.

   	A.	EPSP/IPSP cancellation
   	B.	Temporal summation
   	C.	Chronicle summation
   	D.	Spatial summation
   	E.	Tonical summation

Proper hand washing helps prevent the spread of infections. Unfortunately, "smart bugs" can still find alternate ways to invade the body. Some of these bugs are viral and some are bacterial. What is the difference?

Bacterial Infection Vs. Viral Infection

1. Compare and contrast bacteria versus viruses.
2. How do bacteria and viruses invade the human body?
3. Provide symptoms that people may experience.
4. When is it necessary to prescribe antibiotics?
5. What happens when antibiotics are over prescribed?

Andrew, who is married and the father of one, is 23 years old and expects to work until 68. He earns $67,500 per year. Andrew expects inflation to be 3% over his working life, and the appropriate risk-free discount rate is 5%. His personal consumption is equal to 25% of her after-tax earnings, and her combined federal and state marginal tax bracket is 15%. What is the amount of life insurance necessary for Andrew using the Human Life Value method?

How does the length of the alimentary canal correlate with the diet of an organism?

How does the length of the alimentary canal correlate with the metabolic activity level of the organisms?

How does the length of the alimentary canal correlate with the evolutionary history of the organisms ?

You have been retained by TF to discuss the major Risk Control Techniques generally employed in Risk Management. Identify these techniques and discuss each in terms of how it can reduce the frequency or severity of losses identified answer to the following question:

"Recall that the first step in the Risk Management Process is the identification of loss exposures. Identify at least two loss exposures facing TF in each of the following categories: (1) Property; (2) Liability; (3) Human Resources; and (4) Commercial/Financial."

HIgh-income people are willing to pay more than lower-income people to avoid the risk of death. For example. they are more likely to pay for safety features on cars. Do you think cost-benefit analysis should take this fact into account when evaluating public projects? consider, for instance, a rich town and a poor town, both of which are considering the installation of a traffic light. should the rich town use higher dollar value for a human life in making this decision? why or why not?

The below statements are true or false?

69.Gluconeogenesis takes place in the mitochondrion.

68The end product of purine catabolism in human is uric acid.

67.Inositol triphosphate (InsP3) functions as a second messenger to inhibit a cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase.

66.The first product of purine nucleotide biosynthesis that contains a complete purine ring (hypoxanthine) is inosine monophosphate.

65Arachidonic acid is a precursor molecule for the synthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes.

64.Isoprene is a five-carbon building unit of steroid molecules.