All of the following is true regarding the cell (plasma) membrane Except:

a) It has amphipathic transmembrane protein

b) It contains glycolipids and glycoproteins

c) it has large pores to accommodate RNA movement in and out of the cell

d) the proteins can float in the membrane

e) cholesterol is in the membrane to increase the membrane’s fluidity

2) If you want to form protein from individual amino acids, you would

a) dephosphorylate the amino acids

b) use a negative feedback loop

c) add water between the adjacent amino acids

d) phosphorylate the amino acids

e) remove water from between adjacent amino acids

From the polar amino acids with negative charge, give the following information:

1. Characteristics of this group
2. Select two examples and graph their chemical structure. Check your isoelectric point.
3. Identify the anomeric carbon in each of the amino acids
4. Build a 10 amino acid oligopeptide with polar and positively charged polar amino acids

The following mRNA fragment is responsible for coding exactly three amino acids, the 33rd, 34th, and 35th ones of a polypeptide that is made of 60 amino acids. The base sequence in this fragment is: ...AUGACUGAAUAA… Use the genetic code to name the amino acids in the order of addition to the growing polypeptide chain.

1) Draw the energy investment phase of glycolysis including all compounds, enzymes, products used and produced.

2)Draw the energy payoff phase of glycolysis including all compounds, enzymes, products used and produced.

3)List what enzymes can be subjected to feedback inhibition and what they can be inhibited by.

4)Which enzyme(s) catalyzes a reaction that produces ADP during glycolysis?

5)Which enzyme(s) catalyzes a reaction that produces ATP during glycolysis

8. Aerobic Metabolism:a. Place the following components of aerobic metabolism in the correct order on the line below: a) transfer of electrons to O2, b) citric acid cycle, c) glycolysis, d) H+ pumping/ATP synthesis, e) formation of acetyl-CoA, f) pair of electrons passes through complexes I, III, and IV (You can just write the correct letters on the line below.)________________________________

b. Electron Transport Chain

1) ________ Which complex in the electron transport chain is also an enzyme in the citric acid cycle?

2) ________ Which complex in the electron transport chain does not involve transport of protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane?

3) ________ A pair of electrons starting through this complex leads to the production of 1.5 ATP molecules.

c. ATP Synthase

1) ________ How many protons must be pumped into the matrix to generate 1 ATP molecule in humans?

2) Put the Roman or Greek letter corresponding to the subunit of ATP Synthase that the statement is referring to. (Only 1 letter per statement.)

i. Major contributor of amino acids to the catalytic (active) sites______

ii. Exit site for H+’s to the matrix ________

Description: In week 1 we discussed which amino acids were termed “essential” but we lacked the knowledge to really understand why these would be difficult to make. Now that we have examined the process of making amino acids, let's take a second look at why the body doesn’t make certain amino acids.

Instructions: Write a response to the following prompt and then review your peers response:

Prompt: Propose a reason for why so many of the essential amino acids belong in the aliphatic and aromatic groups.

DNA Polymerase can distinguish between dNTPs and rNTPs because of discriminator amino acids in the enzyme's nucleotide-binding pocket. These amino acids occupy the space where the 2'OH group of an incoming rNTP would need to reside in order to properly position the substrates for catalysis. These discriminator amino acids usually have large R groups, which sterically exclude the ribose 2'OH. If you experimentally mutate/change the discriminator amino acids to glycines, predict the effect that this change might have on DNA polymerase.

Discuss how the Human and Neanderthal OR1K1 proteins are similar and different including the implications on how this specific olfactory receptor may have functioned differently in Neanderthals compared to humans. Be sure to include the names of the amino acids that have changed and what impact you believe this change will have on the overall protein structure and function

1. ______________________ signaling is a general category of signaling in which a membrane bound signal on one cell activates receptors on an adjacent cell.

2. Fatty acids with two or more double bonds between carbons are called ________________________________ fatty acids.

3. Lipids are transported out of intestinal epithelial cells into the lymph in complexes called ____________________________________________________.
4. ______________________________ is a large branched polymer of glucose that is stored primarily in liver and muscle cells in mammals.

5.Key regulatory steps in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis involve regulation of the enzymes that play a role in the interconversion between fructose-6-phosphate (F6P) and fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (F1,6P). The nucleotide_____ inhibits the enzyme____ that catalyzes the production of F1,6P from F6P. Also, the nucleotide____ inhibits the enzyme _______ that catalyzes the reverse reaction, which produces F6P from F1,6P.

Multiple choice with rationale. Choose the letter of the correct answer and explain briefly why that is the correct answer and why the other choices are incorrect.

What modification in the Pol II enzyme leads to elongation of the polynucleotide chain?

A. Acetylation

B. Dephosphorylation

C. Glucuronidation

D. Phosphorylation

20. Which of the following molecular component/s are observed in the termination phase of protein synthesis?

A. Amino acids, ATP

B. Release factors, GTP

C. Shine- Dalgarno sequence

D. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase