1. Protein synthesis requires energy in the form of ATP and GTP.  Two high-energy phosphate bonds (from ATP) fuel the formation of one aminoacyl tRNA.  Formation of the initiation complex requires energy from one GTP.  Delivery of each new tRNA to the Asite requires one GTP.  Termination requires the hydrolysis of one GTP.   Based on this information, the provided table of codons, and your understanding of the processes of Activation, Initiation, Elongation, and Termination, answer the following questions.  
   1. Puromycin is a drug that is an analog of aminoacyl tRNA.  It has an amino group that is capable of forming a peptide bond, but no carboxyl group with which to form another peptide linkage.  What would be the effect of adding puromycin to cultures of bacteria engaged in protein synthesis.  
   2. Ribosomes isolated from bacteria grown in heavy medium (¹⁴C ¹⁵N) and from bacteria grown in light (¹²C ¹⁴N) were added to a cell-free in vitro protein synthesis system.  At a later time a sample was removed and 70S ribosomes were analyzed for differing densities.  How many 70S ribosome densities were found and why?
   3. How is the methionine residue used for prokaryotic initiation of translation unique – draw it.  

1. Electrophoresis is a general term that describes the migration and separation of charged particles (ions) under the influence of an electric field. An electrophoretic system consists of two electrodes of opposite charge (anode, cathode), connected by a conducting medium called an electrolyte. The separation effect on the ionic particles results from differences in their velocity (v), which is the product of the particle's mobility (m) and the field strength (E):

v = mE

The mobility (m) of an ionic particle is determined by particle size, shape, and charge, and the temperature during the separation, and is constant under defined electrophoretic conditions.  At a pH of 9.5, tyrosine is strongly attracted to the positive end of an electrophoresis gel, whereas lysine moves a very small distance from the origin.

1. Draw both Tyrosine and Lysine at pH 9.5
2. Based on their structure what is the most likely reason for this observation
3. Would it be possible to alter the pH such that Lysine is strongly attracted to the positive end of an electrophoresis gel, and not Tyrosine? Why or why not?

Question 1 (1 point)

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Imagine that you are working with DNA sequences of soluble proteins (not membrane proteins) and have the technology to genetically engineer/alter the existing sequence and you can express this particular protein in a yeast cell model.

You also have the power to track and visualize where the genetically engineered proteins traffic in your model system.  

You engineer an ER signal sequence to the amino-terminal end of a normally cytosolic protein.   

Which best describes the fate of this protein?

Question 1 options:

Question 2 (1 point)

You engineer an ER signal sequence to the carboxyl-terminal end of a normally cytosolic protein.   

Which best describes the fate of this protein?

Question 2 options:

Question 2

Enzymes basically work by...

Anaerobic glycolysis yields a net gain of...

After a few minutes of easy jogging at a submaximal intensity, my oxygen consumption and heart rate reach a plateau and stay at that level for 20 to 30 minutes as I am jogging. With regards to oxygen consumption this would be an example of ...

Question 17

The RQ measured for a subject who has been jogging easily at 70% VO2max for about 40 minutes and is in a steady state will likely be?

Question 57

A person exercises in their “fat burning zone” for 4 hours at 35% VO₂peak. The O₂ cost of exercise at that work rate is 0.5L/minute. Following exercise the subject rewards himself with an ice-cream sundae (700kcal). The following statement is true(assume 5kcal/lit of O₂):

7. In a normal muscle which has been stimulated, which of the following lasts the longest?

a. refractory period   b. latent period    c. action potential

d. period of contraction and relaxation (muscle twitch)

8. Which of the following would result in the smallest force of contraction following stimulation?

a. a muscle half its normal resting length

b. a muscle twice its normal resting length

c. a muscle that is at its normal resting length

d. a muscle in which the passive force greatly exceeds the active force

9. Which of the following would be true about a muscle with mostly large motor units (as opposed to a muscle with mostly small motor units)?

a. controls movements much more precisely than a muscle with small motor units

b. contains a larger number of motor neurons

c. each neuron controls a large number of muscle fibers

d. muscles with large motor units contain only oxidative fibers

e. all of the above are true

10. Running a marathon or longterm maintenance of muscle tone (as opposed to sprinting or heavy lifting) would most depend on

a. utilizing creatine phosphate    b. anaerobic glycolytic metabolism

c. aerobic respiration

11. Which of the following would not be true about lactic acid?

a. produced when glycolysis occurs under anaerobic conditions

b. the more rapidly a muscle contracts the more lactic acid is produced

c. produced by myoglobin

d. secreted into the blood

e. converted by the liver into glucose and glycogen

Integrated marketing communications (IMC) is an important concept for a marketing manager to understand.   

• Why are integrated marketing communication plans so important to marketers?
• What are the benefits and challenges of implementing an IMC?
• Identify a primary benefit of advertising online
• If a company A has come up with the new beverage product known as Akamu for satisfying human thirst. Suggest some of the major advertising decisions which this company can come up with in order to promote Akamu the new product.

Please match the factors on the left to best describe the mechanism that contributes to the epidemic of the disease listed on the right. (Each answer option can be used only ONCE.)

What organisational policies and procedures have been breached and how?

Has there been a breach of duty of care towards Lenny?

What are Lenny’s human rights regarding this situation?

Have staff supported Lenny’s rights? If yes, how? If not, why not?

What strategies need to be in place to guide staff in relation to cultural diversity issues? Give two examples.

What mechanisms within the aged care sector are open to Lenny in regard to having his issues addressed?

Plants and animals share a very long history of intimate relationships and have evolved in response to each other’s influence. Briefly describe three actual relationships or interactions between plants and non-human animals. One should be mutually beneficial to both species, one should benefit the plant at the expense of the animal, and one should benefit the animal at the expense of the plant. Be sure to include details of the relationship, including the names of the organisms and specific benefits or expenses involved.

a)  A manufacturing rm merges with another firm to vertically integrate forward into the production of selling of products so as to engage in price discrimination. Such a vertical merger will increase all consumers welfare.

b)  Two firms merge together, only if the transaction cost must be reduced.

c)  Specic human capital is a barrier of vertical integration.

d)  The benefit of coordination gives rise to vertical integration.

e)  Consumer surplus decreases after two rms merge with each other.