In two wards for elderly patients in a local hospital the following levels of hemoglobin (grams per liter) were found for a simple random sample of patients from each ward.: Ward A: ```{r} ward_a <- c(12.2, 11.1, 14.0, 11.3, 10.8, 12.5, 12.2, 11.9, 13.6, 12.7, 13.4, 13.7) ``` Ward B: ```{r} ward_b <- c(11.9, 10.7, 12.3, 13.9, 11.1, 11.2, 13.3, 11.4, 12.0, 11.1) ``` 2.a) [2 points] Make two box plots to compare the hemoglobin values for Ward A and Ward B. Overlay the boxplots with their raw data. Notice the similarities/differences portrayed by the plots, keeping in mind that the sample size is relatively small for these two wards. ```{r make-data-frame} hemoglobin <- data.frame(hemo_level = c(ward_a, ward_b), ward = c(rep("Ward A", 12), rep("Ward B", 10))) ``` ```{r make-box-plot} # Your code here. ``` 2.b) [2 points] What two assumptions do you need to make to use any of the t-procedures? Because each ward has a rather small sample size (n < 12 for both), what two characteristics of the data would you need to check for to ensure that the t procedures can be applied? Assumtion 1: Assumption 2: 2.c) [4 points] Using only `dplyr` and `*t` functions, create a 95% confidence interval for the mean difference between Ward A and Ward B. You can do this by using `dplyr` to calculate the inputs required to calculate the 95% CI, and then plugging these values in on a separate line of code (or using your calculator). Use a degrees of freedom of 19.515 (You don't need to calculate the degrees of freedom, you can use this value directly). Show your work and interpret the mean difference and its 95% CI. ```{r} # Your code here. ``` Write your 1-2 sentence answer here. 2.d) [4 points] Perform a two-sided t-test for the difference between the two samples. Start by writing down the null and alternate hypotheses, then calculate the test statistic by hand (showing your work) and p-value. Continue to assume that the degrees of freedom is 19.515. Verify the p-value by running the t-test using R's built in function. Show the output from that test. Hint: to perform the t-test using R's built in function, you need to pass the function an x and y argument, where x includes that values for Ward A and Y includes the values for Ward B. `dplyr`'s `filter()` and `pull()` functions will be your friends. $H_{0}$ $H_{A}$ Test statistic = P-value = ```{r} # Your t-test code here. ```

Headquartered in Mumbai, India, Tata Motors is one of the largest multinational manufacturing companies.
It manufactures commercial and passenger vehicles—cars, trucks, vans, coaches, buses, construction
equipment, and military vehicles. Tata Motors has several auto manufacturing and assembly plants,
and research and development centers located across India, including in Jameshedpur, Lucknow, and
Pune. With a solid base in the country, Tata Motors has also built its operations in Argentina, South
Africa, Thailand, and the United Kingdom. In 2014, the company was ranked the world’s 287th biggest
corporation in Fortune’s Global 500 list. Marketing its products through dealership, sales, services, and
spare parts network, the company produces well-known models like the Nano, Safari, Aria, Zest, Bolt,
and Venture brand names, as well as Xenon XT brand name.
For a fourth straight quarter, the decline in China sales of Jaguar Land Rover (JLR), a subsidiary
of Tata Motors, dragged down the company’s profits. Jaguar’s net income fell 49 percent to 27.7 billion
rupees ($434 million) in the quarter ended in June, 2015. Its retail sales plunged 33 percent in
China that quarter, which lead to a 1 percent decline in worldwide deliveries. The luxury unit has cut
its sales targets and prices in China as all automakers brace for a slowdown in the world’s biggest auto
market. Tata Motors’ earnings for the second quarter of 2015 were also hurt by a prolonged slump in
sales of its light commercial vehicles in India. Tata’s revenue fell 5.7 percent to 610.2 billion rupees.
Sales at the luxury unit declined 6.5 percent to 5 billion pounds. Shares of Tata Motors stock has
slumped 29 percent over the past six months making it the second-worst performer on the S&P BSE
Sensex, which has lost 1.7 percent in the period. Sales of the Tata’s Evoque sport utility vehicle were
also lower in China.
The company’s vision statement, posted on the corporate website, states that by 2025, the company’s
commitment to delivering improved quality of life will be available to 25 percent of the global
population, making Tata one of the 25 most admired global brands and one of the most valuable companies
in the world. Its mission is to use its leadership experience, long-term value creation, and the
trust it has built to improve the quality of life of its consumers around the world.
Questions
1. How has the value of the Indian rupee changed compared to China’s yuan and the US dollar in
the last six months? How does this impact Tata?
2. In the About Us section of the company’s website, go to the corporate governance section and
click on the values and purpose link. Evaluate Tata’s vision and mission statement mentioned in
this section. Discuss the potential implications of Tata’s vision and mission on the firm’s competitive
advantages.

Case study

Margaret is a 75 year old woman living in an aged care facility for residents with low-care needs. Margaret had polio as a young child and has one shortened leg requiring a built-up shoe. She also now has arthritis in her hands, back, hips and knees, which is making movement, transfers and balance difficult and painful. Margaret also has emphysema and requires oxygen via nasal tubes, medication via a nebuliser, tablets for her arthritis and she receives injections.

Following is a list of supports outlined on Margaret’s care plan.

Washing: Margaret can sit on a shower chair and independently wash the top half of her body, including genital area. She requires assistance to wash feet, legs and hair.

Margaret must be supervised and may need direction when stepping in and out of shower and transferring in and out of the shower chair.

She needs full assistance with drying herself, as she becomes breathless.

Dressing / undressing: Margaret needs assistance with dressing and undressing as she has difficulty moving and becomes breathless with exertion. She must have a built-up shoe on her left foot.

Grooming: Margaret likes to direct her own grooming and can do her make-up independently. She needs assistance with drying and styling her hair.

Nail care: Margaret needs regular monitoring and treatment for ingrown toenails and corns. She takes care of her fingernails independently.

Oral hygiene: Margaret has upper dentures and requires assistance to clean these and to open lids of cleaning fluid and containers.

Mobility: Margaret uses a four-wheeled walker at all times.

Transfer: Margaret requires direction to use handrails and chair arms, to transfer in and out of chairs.

Toileting: Margaret can use the toilet independently but wears incontinence padding due to difficulty getting to the bathroom in time, which results in occasional leakage.

Eating and drinking: Margaret has all meals in the facility dining room. She requires modified large-handled cutlery due to arthritis in hands.

1. What are the risks for Margaret’s safety that need to be considered when using the equipment and/or aids?

2. What are the risks for a support worker’s safety that need to be made for use of this equipment, and what strategies should be employed to eliminate or reduce the risks?

3. What are the work health and safety risks associated with Margaret transferring in and out of the shower chair?

4. The left side handbrake on Margaret’s four-wheeled walker has a stretched cable and is not working effectively. What action is required to address this problem?

5. What infection control procedures should the support worker adopt in providing routine support for Margaret?

Below is data that a researcher collected on the observed decay of a chemical in water as a function of time. The Researcher used an analytically technique to quantify the chemical that reports relative “peak area” or “response” values. As a result, the researcher analyzed a series of known “standards” of chemical “A” to construct a standard curve, from which the concentrations of “A” in the experimental samples could be calculated. It is known that the chemical decays by a first-order process. (always use the “xy scatter” option under graph type).

Data Table 1)

Find the slope, intercept, and correlation coefficient of the standard curve regressing [A] on the x-axis, and “Peak Area” on the y-axis (Use Excels built-in functions for all three parameters). Plot the data points, and on the same graph, plot the regression line (solve for values on the line on the spreadsheet, including at x=0) (Figure 1).  

Useful table headings:

A(Molarity) Peak Area Line

Data Table 2)

From the standard curve and the peak areas of the samples, calculate the concentrations of “A” in each sample. Find the natural logarithm (ln) of these values. Find the slope, intercept, and correlation coefficient for the least-squares analysis of time (x-axis) versus ln([A]) (y-axis) (use the built-in functions). Using the slope and intercept, calculate points on the regression “line”. Plot the experimental values of ln[A] versus time and the regression line on a graph (Figure 2). From the regression (slope and intercept), calculate [A]_t=0 and k. (note that k is always positive).  

Useful headings:

time(hrs) Peak Area A(Molarity) ln(A)    ln(A)_calculated

Data Table 3)

Use Solver to calculate [A]_t=0 and k without “transforming the data."

Useful table headings:

time(hrs) A_expected (Molarity)         A_calc (Molarity) (A_expected - A_calculated)²

For these data, does the Solver solution agree well with the transformed (i.e., logarithmic) model results? Why or why not.

Table 4) Report the experimental data in units of miliMolar.

Useful table headings:

time(hrs) A(Molarity) A(miliMolar)

Table 5) Calculate the “model" fit at 5 hours or smaller increments, using the values of [A]_t=0 and k calculated both ways, and convert to miliMolar concentrations. Plot the original data (Table 4) and the 2 model lines (solid and dashed) (Table 5) on the same plot (Figure 3).

Useful table headings:

Transformed Solver   

time (hrs) A (Molarity) A(miliMolar) A(M)    A(mM)

Format all Tables and Figures on 2 pages in Excel.

1. Identify three reasons why there may be ethical leadership failures and explain why failed leadership occurs.

What Is Ethical Leadership?

The ethical leader understands that positive relationships built on respect, openness, and trust are critical to creating an ethical organization environment. The underlying principles of ethical leadership are: integrity, honesty, fairness, justice, responsibility, accountability, and empathy. Covey addresses a principle-centered leadership approach to one’s personal life and organization development. He emphasizes that principle-centered leadership occurs when one’s internal values form the basis of external actions. Principle-based leaders influence the ethical actions of those in the organization by transforming their own behavior first. Covey encourages principle-centered leaders to build greater, more trusting and communicative relationships with others in the workplace.

Ethical leaders strive to honor and respect others in the organization and seek to empower others to achieve success by focusing on right action. An ethical organization is a community of people working together in an environment of mutual respect, where they grow personally, feel fulfilled, contribute to a common good, and share in the internal rewards, such as the achievement of a level of excellence common to a practice as well as the rewards of a job well done. By emphasizing community and internal rewards, ethical leaders commit to following a virtue-oriented approach to decision making based on a foundation of values-based leadership.

John Maxwell, the internationally recognized leadership expert, said, “A leader is one who knows the way, goes the way, and shows the way.”⁴ (Links to an external site.) Leaders lead by example. They set an ethical tone at the top. Page 507They lead with an attitude of “Do what I say as well as what I do.” Ciulla argues that what is distinctive of leadership is the concept of vision: “Visions are not simple goals, but rather ways of seeing the future that implicitly or explicitly entail some notion of the good.”⁵ (Links to an external site.)

Lawton and Paez developed a framework for ethical leadership built on three interlocking questions: First, who are leaders and what are their characteristics? Second, how do ethical leaders do what they do? Third, why do leaders do as they do and what are the outcomes of ethical leadership?⁶ (Links to an external site.) They suggest that the three factors will not necessarily form discrete areas of ethics.

CONCLUSION:

A moral manager serves as a role model for ethical conduct in a way that is visible to employees. A moral manager communicates regularly and persuasively with employees about ethical standards, principles, and values. Moral managers use reward systems to hold employees accountable to ethical standards. They understand that doing the right thing is more than having a code of conduct but also requires carrying through ethical intent with ethical action.

Answer the following discussion question:

1. Identify three reasons why there may be ethical leadership failures and explain why failed leadership occurs.

In 2011, two Brown University seniors, Walker Williams and Evan Stites-Clayton, were sad that their favorite bar in Providence, Rhode Island was closing. To commemorate the closing, the two friends decided to print T-shirts, but they were struck by the upfront costs, and the need to estimate how many of each size they would need to order. Williams built a website to take orders and measure demand, and also posted a link to the site on Facebook. By morning, hundreds of orders were received, along with a few e-mails requesting that he create similar websites for the T-shirt ideas of other people. The Aha Moment arrived for Williams, and he immediately knew that he had hit upon a commercially viable idea. The company Teespring soon followed.

Today Teespring is one of the top T-shirt vendors in the United States, and prints approximately 7 million shirts annually, with annual revenues estimated at $100 million. T-shirts have been shipped to more than eighty countries worldwide. The company has grown to over 300 employees. The business model is that individuals create Internet campaigns to sell custom T-shirts and related clothing on the Teespring website. Campaign creators are required to design and market the product themselves, but they are not required to invest money upfront, paying only when they have secured orders for their T-shirts.

Teespring’s role is to fulfill order for campaigns that have attained their sale goals, and then ships the T-shirts to the buyers. T-shirts are printed on demand, thereby avoiding the problem of inventory accumulation. Teespring does all the T-shirt manufacturing and shipping for the designer, whereas the designer creates the idea and helps market the T-shirt through social media and word-of-mouth. However, the company also contributes to advertising on Facebook.

Tools on the Teespring website enable the T-shirt designer to upload their ideas and slogans. The designers can select which quality and type of shirt (traditional hoodie, or tank top) they choose to print on, and many different fonts and icons are possible. The designer then chooses how many T-shirts he or she aspires to sell, and sets a sales goal. If a minimum of five T-shirts are preordered, Teespring produces the items and ships them directly to customers, charging the designed about $9 per T-shirt. The T-shirt designer sets the retail price per item.

The Teespring model has been so successful that the founders built a printing facility in Kentucky, where all the shirts can be produced and shipped efficiently. An example of a Teespring success story is restaurant manager Benny Hsu, who earned more than $120,000 in one year with a Tee-shirt bearing the slogan, “Keep calm and let the radiation therapist take care of it.”

What is your evaluation of the prospects of Teespring being sustainable in the sense of lasting a long time as a business?

Give a brief summary of each and explain why they are the most important.

Benefit 2 Increasing the minimum wage could reduce poverty. A person working full time at the federal minimum wage of $7.25 per hour earns $15,080 in a year, which is 20% higher than the 2015 federal poverty level of $12,331 for a oneperson household under 65 years of age but 8% below the 2015 federal poverty level of $16,337 for a singleparent family with a child under 18 years of age. [7] [8] According to a 2014 Congressional Budget Office report, increasing the minimum wage to $9 would lift 300,000 people out of poverty, and an increase to $10.10 would lift 900,000 people out of

Cost 2 Raising the minimum wage could increase poverty. A study from the Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland found that although low-income workers see wage increases when the minimum wage is raised, "their hours and employment decline, and the combined effect of these changes is a decline in earned income... minimum wages increase the proportion of families that are poor or near-poor." [47] As explained by George Reisman, PhD, Professor Emeritus of Economics at Pepperdine University, "The higher wages are, the higher costs of production are. The higher costs of production are, the poverty. [5] A 2013 study by University of Massachusetts at Amherst economist Arindrajit Dube, PhD, estimated that increasing the minimum wage to $10.10 is "projected to reduce the number of non-elderly living in poverty by around 4.6 million, or by 6.8 million when longer term effects are accounted for." [6] higher prices are. The higher prices are, the smaller the quantities of goods and services demanded and the number of workers employed in producing them." [48]Thomas Grennes, MA, Professor Emeritus at North Carolina State University, and Andris Strazds, MSc, Lecturer at the Stockholm School of Economics in Riga (Latvia), stated: "the net effect of higher minimum wages would be unfavorable for impoverished households, even if there are no job losses. To the extent that some poor households also lose jobs, their net losses would be greater.

I.

Hakodat Manufacturing Group was organized January 1, 2019. During 2019, it has used in its reports to management the straight-line method of depreciating its plant assets.

On November 8, you are having a conference with Hakodat's officers to discuss the depreciation method to be used for income tax and shareholder reporting. Tao Chen, president of Hakodat, has suggested the use of a new method, which he feels is more suitable than the straight-line method for the needs of the company during the period of rapid expansion of production and capacity that he foresees. Following is an example in which the proposed method is applied to a fixed asset with an original cost of ¥248,000, an estimated useful life of 5 years, and a residual value of approximately ¥8,000 (amounts in thousands).

The president favors the new method because he has heard that:

1. It will increase the funds recovered during the years near the end of the assets' useful lives when maintenance and replacement disbursements are high.

2. It will result in increased write-offs in later years and thereby will reduce taxes.

Instructions

a. What is the purpose of accounting for depreciation?

b. Is the president's proposal within the scope of international financial reporting standards? In making your decision discuss the circumstances, if any, under which use of the method would be reasonable and those, if any, under which it would not be reasonable.

c. The president wants your advice on the following issues.

1. Do depreciation charges recover or create funds? Explain.

2. Assume that the taxing authorities accept the proposed depreciation method in this case. If the proposed method were used for shareholder and tax reporting purposes, how would it affect the availability of cash flows generated by operations?

1. Why do companies want to vertically integrate in order to control assets or inputs that are specialized to a particular transaction?

2. An airline company is considering backward integration into oil refinery to avoid high fluctuations in petroleum price. The argument has been made in favor of vertical integration: “Airplane that operates at full capacity is more efficiently used and lead to much lower cost per unit than an airplane that operates at less than full capacity. Owning our own source of petroleum insulates us from short-run supply-demand imbalances and therefore will give us a competitive advantage over rival airline companies.” Do you agree with this argument? Why?

3. Is a firm size determining factor in the vertical integration decision? That is, are large firms more likely to outsource production of inputs than are small firms? Why?

4. Do firms adopting related diversification strategy necessarily produce similar products? Thoroughly justify your argument.

5. A large American bank conducted an analysis of the external environment and reached the conclusion that 3D Printing & Rapid Prototyping Services is one of the fastest growing businesses. The bank decided to diversify into the 3D Printing & Rapid Prototyping Services through the acquisition of America’s biggest 3D Printing & Rapid Prototyping Services company. In justifying and defending this diversification move, the CEO of the bank argued that this diversification would help his financial institution and the 3D Printing & Rapid Prototyping Services company achieves several operational economies of scope? Do you agree with the reasoning that the CEO used to justify the diversification? Why?

6. Ale-8-One, known colloquially as Ale-8, is a regional ginger and citrus flavored soft drink, bottled by the Ale-8-One Bottling Company, a family-owned enterprise in the small town of Winchester, Kentucky, near Lexington, where the beverage is especially popular. Do online research on this company. Discuss the company business level strategy? What is the company corporate level strategy? What is the type of corporate of diversification that the company follows? You must justify and explain your answers.