1. Explain the procedure for the development and economic evaluation of Alternate plans in DA.

2. Explain the short terms analysis and Break even analysis in economic evaluation of DA.

Make a diagram to explain how a human gene can be cloned into a bacterial plasmid.

You should represent the events that need to occur in order to: Clone the insulin gene into a bacterial plasmid, Transform the plasmid into E. coli

Include definitions or descriptions of the following terms/components:

Restriction enzyme(s)

Ligase

Plasmid DNA

Human mRNA (the mRNA for insulin)

Reverse transcriptase

Transformation

E. coli marker genes (an antibiotic resistance gene)

Cloning vector

The human pathway for metabolizing alcohol starts with the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase, which catalyzes the conversion of ethanol (C2H5OH) to acetaldehyde (CH3CHO). This is followed by the aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2, the enzyme of interest in this problem), which catalyzes the conversion of acetaldehyde and HS-CoA to acetyl-CoA (CH3CO–S–CoA). The TCA cycle starts and oxidizes the acetyl-CoA to CO2. Draw two diagrams of this pathway—one for an individual without AFS and another for an individual with AFS. How ALDH2 deficiency combined with ethanol input into the bloodstream could culminate in the accumulation of acetaldehyde in the blood of the patient.

Consider a single murine hepatocyte at homeostasis with its surrounding environment, which includes other neighboring hepatocytes and extra-hepatic tissues. Due to changes in the organism’s activity, this hepatocyte receives signals that trigger the need to synthesize exactly 20 copies of a protein required for altered amino acid metabolism.

Use the following assumptions/constraints when determining your answers:

1. All of the necessary catalytic complexes have already been synthesized within the cell
2. Nucleotides used for transcription must be accounted for
3. A single transcript is sufficient for translation of all 20 polypeptides
4. The primary transcript contains 400 nucleotides that are not translated. This includes the stop codon and a single intron that must be removed by the spliceosome prior to translation
5. The poly-A tail contains an additional 210 nucleotides
6. Amino acids and tRNA’s are readily available, energy required for their synthesis/replacement does not need to be accounted for
7. Each of the 20 protein molecules to be synthesized are identical, and contains 613 amino acids
8. Once translated, no further processing of the 20 molecules occurs, they fold spontaneously and do not require other post-translational modifications
9. Do not account for waste products

Questions:

1. How many equivalents of ATP are required to synthesize these 20 protein molecules?

2. Under aerobic conditions, how many molecules of glucose must be consumed in order to generate the ATP necessary to complete synthesis of these 20 protein molecules?

3. Under anaerobic conditions, how many molecules of glucose will be needed?

4. In the absence of glucose and under aerobic conditions, how many molecules of a triacylglyceride containing three palmitic acid groups would be needed to supply sufficient ATP?

5. In the absence of glucose and under anaerobic conditions, how many molecules of a triacylglyceride containing three palmitic acid groups would be needed?

Question 6:

(1 mark)

An mRNA has the following codon:

5? GCA 3?.

What tRNA anticodon will bind to this codon?

The tRNA anticodon 5'  3' will bind to the mRNA codon 5' GCA 3'.

**Please enter your sequence in the 5' to 3' direction. Deductions will be made if a sequence is inputted in the wrong direction.**

1 points   

QUESTION 7

Question 7:

(1 mark)

A tRNA anticodon has the following sequence:

3' CUA 5'.

What amino acid does it carry?

The amino acid carried on a tRNA with the anticodon 3' CUA 5' is .

**Hint: You will need to consult the genetic code to answer this question. And watch your 5' to 3' direction.**

1 points   

QUESTION 8

Questions 8 to 13 are based on the following information.

Question 8:

The top strand of the following segment of DNA serves as the template strand:

3’ TACACCTTGGCGACGACT 5’

5’ ATGTGGAACCGCTGCTGA 3’

We will refer to this segment of DNA as the original (or unmutated) sequence.

Please answer the following questions:

(a) What is the mRNA sequence?

The mRNA sequence is  5'  3'.

**Please enter your sequence in the 5' to 3' direction. Deductions will be made if a sequence is inputted in the wrong direction.**

(b) Using the mRNA sequence you determined in part (a) of this question, give the sequence of the protein that would be translated.

The amino acid sequence for this protein is N-terminus  C-terminus.

**Please note**

The N-terminus refers to the beginning of the primary sequence for a protein, and the C-terminus refers to the end of the primary sequence for a protein.

i.e. input the amino acids in the order that they would be translated.

If a codon encodes for a stop codon, type STOP.

When inputting your sequence, separate each amino acid with a hyphen (e.g. Ser-Tyr-STOP).

You will need to consult the genetic code to answer this question.

4 points   

QUESTION 9

Questions 9 to 13 are in reference to the DNA sequence shown in Question 8.

Question 9:

The original (unmutated) DNA sequence (shown above in Question 8) has been mutated to the following (this represents the template strand):

3’ TACATCTTGGCGACGACT 5’.

We will refer to this sequence as mutation #1.

Please note that for simplicity only the template strand for this mutated segment of DNA is shown.

Answer the following questions:

(a) What is the complete mRNA sequence for the mutated segment mutation #1?

The mutated mRNA sequence is  5'  3'.

**Please enter your sequence in the 5' to 3' direction. Deductions will be made if a sequence is inputted in the wrong direction.**

(b) Using the mRNA sequence you determined in part (a) of this question, give the sequence of the protein that would be translated.

The amino acid sequence for this protein is N-terminus  C-terminus.

**Please note**

The N-terminus refers to the beginning of the primary sequence for a protein, and the C-terminus refers to the end of the primary sequence for a protein.

i.e. input the amino acids in the order that they would be translated.

If a codon encodes for a stop codon, type STOP.

When inputting your sequence, separate each amino acid with a hyphen (e.g. Ser-Tyr-STOP).

You will need to consult the genetic code to answer this question.

1. The following question refers to regulated enzymes in glycolysis.

Here is a summary of these enzymes.
glycolysis reaction #1 is catalyzed by hexokinase
glycolysis reaction #3 is catalyzed by phosphofructokinase (PFK)
glycolysis reaction #10 is catalyzed by pyruvate kinase

Which of the following statements about glycolysis regulation in liver cells is/are TRUE?

2. Select a word for each blank that makes a sentence which correctly compares energy yield per carbon from a fatty acid and glucose.


Oxidation of a fatty acid yields    select an answer   more   less   ATP per carbon than a glucose because there are    select an answer   more   less   C-H bonds in a fatty acid, making the    select an answer   carbons   oxygens   hydrogens   in a fatty acid more    select an answer   oxidized   reduced   .

3. Which of the following statements about triacylglycerols is/are true?

4. Select whether each statement that compares muscle and liver cells is true or false.


   select an answer   true   false   Both muscle cells and liver cells can synthesize ketone bodies, but only muscle cells use them.

   select an answer   true   false   Glucose stored as glycogen in muscle and liver cells can be shared with other body cells.

   select an answer   true   false   Ketone bodies can be used as an energy source in muscle cells, but not liver cells.

5. In hormonal signaling pathways, second messenger molecules amplify signals so that

1. Aerobic respiration generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can damage guanine bases, resulting in 8-oxoguanine (8-oxo-dG) lesions, which are the major mutagenic oxidative lesions in the human genome. When DNA polymerases encounter 8-oxo-dG as a template residue, they often catalyze misincorporation of adenine instead of the “correct” cytosine pair. This results in the propagation of G to T transversions, which are common somatic mutations associated with cancer. Crystal structures of a high-fidelity DNA polymerase in the process of both accurate and mutagenic replication of 8-oxo-dG have been solved, showing how an 8-oxo-dG·dA mismatch can mimic a traditional base pair.

a) Draw a “normal” Watson-Crick base pair (including the sugar-phosphate backbone) between the nucleotides dG and dC. .

b) On the “normal” Watson-Crick base pair between dG and dC drawn above, draw in (create) the 8-oxo-dG lesion.

b) CIRCLE the nitrogen atoms at which deamination could occur.  

c) For each nucleotide, indicate the conformation around the N-glycosidic bond.

d) The Watson-Crick face of 8-oxo-dG is evident from the hydrogen bonds. Label the Hoogsteen face of 8-oxo-dG.  

e) Using the Hoogsteen face, an 8-oxo-dG(syn)·dA(anti) mismatch pair can be formed. Why do you think the mismatch pair with 8-oxo-dG in the syn conformation may be favored by the DNA polymerase enzyme?

Needing an answer/explanation for E please!

State which separation technique (Gas Chromatography, Liquid Chromatography, Electrophoresis, Size Exclusion Chromatography) would be the best choice for each of the cases below and explain WHY? thank you!
a. Separation of volatile components found in a perfume and that result in its characteristic fragrance.
b. The determination of the molecular weight of a polymer that was synthesized by a   friend in a polymer synthesis lab. Fall 2017
c. The separation of a nonvolatile pollutant found in drinking water.
d. The separation of two similarly sized amino acids.
e. The separation of Albumin and Gamma-Globulin.
f. The separation of a mixture of elicit drugs.

State which separation technique (Gas Chromatography, Liquid Chromatography, Electrophoresis, Size Exclusion Chromatography) would be the best choice for each of the cases below and explain WHY? thank you!
a. Separation of volatile components found in a perfume and that result in its characteristic fragrance.
b. The determination of the molecular weight of a polymer that was synthesized by a   friend in a polymer synthesis lab. Fall 2017
c. The separation of a nonvolatile pollutant found in drinking water.
d. The separation of two similarly sized amino acids.
e. The separation of Albumin and Gamma-Globulin.
f. The separation of a mixture of elicit drugs.

Provide microbe examples of a

Photoautotroph

Chemoautotroph

Photoheterotroph

Chemoheterotroph

AND for each specific microbe example denote

a.Its source of energy

b.Its source of carbon (be VERY specific by naming the molecule)

c.What is its electron donor and (be VERY specific with example)

d.What is its electron acceptor? (be VERY specific by giving an example)

Using a specific bacteria, detail how bacteria can fix nitrogen (from the atmosphere) into the soil so that the world’s creatures (beginning with plants) can use the fixed nitrogen for the production of amino acids etc.

make a table for all of these