Chapter 6 – Where it Starts - Photosynthesis
* Section 6.1 – Overview of Photosynthesis
o Apply the terms autotrophs and heterotrophs to the previously learned terms of producer and consumer. Going forward, autotrophs and heterotrophs are the terms you should use.
o How does the textbook define photosynthesis? From this textbook definition, what is the purpose (useful product) of photosynthesis?
o What are the names of each of the two sets of reactions in which photosynthesis occurs?
o Memorize the summary equation of photosynthesis. What goes in (reactants)? What comes out (products)?
o Be able to label the main parts of a chloroplast (figure 6.3 of your textbook)
o Where does the first set of photosynthetic reactions occur in a chloroplast? Where in the chloroplast does the last set of reactions occur?
* Section 6.2 – Sunlight as an Energy Source
o Explain the experiment by Theodor Engelmann. How did it work (Describe the set up)? What did he discover?
o What is a pigment? How is it involved in photosynthesis?
o Which pigment is most common in plants?
o What is an accessory pigment? How can this describe why many leaves change color in autumn?
* Section 6.3 – Light-Dependent Reactions
o What is a photosystem?
o In the non-cyclic pathway of light-dependent reactions, how many times is light required?   
o Look at figure 6.8 in your textbook (light-dependent non cyclic pathway). Understand that all of these motions and steps are working to build up Hydrogen ions inside the thylakoid compartment in large amounts, so that they naturally want to diffuse out of this space (like a inflated balloon wanting to burst). When the hydrogens flow out, they flow through the ATP synthase enzyme, and the flow of the ions powers the ATP synthase enzyme to do work. What work is it actually doing?
o Calvin-Benson Cycle (aka – light independent reactions). What goes in at the beginning? What comes out? Where do the carbon atoms in the sugar that is produced in photosynthesis come from (where do the plants get the carbon atoms)?
o What are stomata and why are they important for plants?
o Where do you find C4 plants? How about CAM plants? How do each of these types of plants perform photosynthesis differently so that they can survive in their environments?

Pat plans to begin his consulting business on 1 Jan 2023. He is provided with the projected data for the first 2 years. He expects to pay a 30% income tax after each year.

Construct the balance statement for the year 2024.

Transactions

cost of supplies is the supplies spent on credit

Malaria is a disease that is caused by the eukaryotic parasite Plasmodium and is transmitted between individuals by the bite of infected mosquitoes. Different species of Plasmodium cause disease in different vertebrate species, but in all cases the parasite infects and destroys red blood cells. The repeated emergence of drug-resistant strains of Plasmodium parasites responsible for human infections has caused researchers to continually search for new drugs or combinations of drugs that can provide an effective treatment. A drug that has proven effective in recent years is artesunate, but now artesunate-resistant Plasmodium strains have also appeared.

Researchers investigated whether artesunate-resistant Plasmodium strains could be effectively treated by other drugs. In a mouse model of malaria, the researchers determined that a particular strain of artesunate-sensitive Plasmodium (ART-S) could be largely eliminated from the mice at a dose of 0.15 mg/kg. By repeated exposure of the artesunate-sensitive strain ART-S to increasing concentrations of artesunate, the researchers developed a Plasmodium strain that is highly resistant to artesunate (ART-R) and requires a minimum dose of 240 mg/kg to eliminate the parasites.

The researchers then compared how effectively several common antimalarial drugs eliminate the ART-S and ART-R strains in vitro. The researchers infected human red blood cells with the ART-S and ART-R Plasmodium strains and incubated the infected cells in tissue culture medium. They added serial dilutions of the drugs to replicate cultures and determined the IC50 for each drug, the concentration of the drug that reduced the parasite load in the red blood cells by 50% (Table 1).

Table 1. IC50 for common antimalarial drugs tested on artesunate-sensitive (ART-S) and artesunate-resistant (ART-R) Plasmodium strains

1. Plasmodium is an organism with both sexual and asexual life cycles. Describe the most likely cause of a heritable phenotypic change in some members of a population of asexually reproducing organisms. Explain how repeated exposure of the artesunate-sensitive Plasmodium strain to increasing concentrations of artesunate led to the development of the artesunate-resistant Plasmodium strain.

2. Based on the data, identify the drug that, from the ART-S strain to the ART-R strain, has the largest relative increase in the IC50. Based on the information provided about the mouse model, calculate how many times more sensitive the originalART-S Plasmodium strain is to artesunate than is the ART-R strain.

3. In the mouse model of malaria, the researchers injected Plasmodium-infected human red blood cells into the mice because the Plasmodium species had surface ligand proteins that bound only to cell membrane proteins of human red blood cells. Assume that the researchers noticed that some of the parasites no longer infected human red blood cells but instead infected mouse red blood cells. Predict the most likely cause of this change in the host specificity of the parasites. Plasmodiumreproduces both sexually in the host vertebrate and asexually in mosquitoes. The researchers claim that the Plasmodium organisms that infect the two different types of red blood cells are likely to evolve into two separate species of Plasmodium. Based on the biological species concept, provide reasoning that would support the researchers’ claim.

1. Discuss what the following errors or changes in procedure will have on your titration and on the calculated molar mass of your acid

a.Reached the endpoint prior to all of the acid dissolving.

b.You stopped the titration and recorded the final buret volume when a deep

pink/red color was seen.

c.You used twice the amount of water to dissolve the acid.

**Correct answers will clearly state if the calculated molar mass is higher or lower than the correct value or if there is no effect.

2. What if the unknown acid was really a triprotic acid (three H+ ions to be donated) instead of a diprotic acid

—

a. Write the formula for the triprotic acid and a balanced equation for the titration reaction.

b. Using your experimental data from trial #2 (assuming the acid mass is really that of the triprotic acid), calculate the molar mass of the triprotic acid.

c. Compare the calculated molar masses of the triprotic acid with the diprotic acid molar mass.

3. Consult the supplemental page on Canvas with a list of possible diprotic acids. Using molar masses, what is/are the most likely identity(ies) of the unknown acid?

1) What were the primary standards used for each standardization? Could you use them interchangeably? Why should we pay attention to the mass of the primary standard in the standardization of NaOH and HCl?

2) Why do we boil and then cool the distilled water before preparation of NaOH? Why this process is not necessary for the preparation of HCl?

3) In the titration of weak acid with a strong base why did you use phenolphthalein as indicator?

4) For the titration of a strong acid a neutral range indicator is used and for the titration of weak acids a basic range indicator is used. However, for the titration of their mixture you used an indicator of acidic range for the first end-point. Why?

5) Is volumetric titration or gravimetric titration more accurate? Which one is more precise? Discuss the differences. (Try to use your replicate data and the standard deviation)

6) What are the sources of error in gravimetric titration vs. volumetric titration? Which one would be more dominant?

7) Consider automating a volumetric titration vs. a gravimetric titration, which one would be easier to do?

1. Solutions are comprised of a solute and a solvent. Explain what makes a solution different than the generalized term “mixture.” What is meant by solute and solvent? Give three different examples of a solute and solvent coming together to form a solution. Do not use salt water as an example, and provide at least one non-aqueous solution.

Explain what is meant by an electrolyte, and how one can tell if a material would be a strong, weak, or non-electrolyte. Are acids and bases electrolytes? If so, are they a strong or a weak electrolyte – or does it depend on the acid/base?

2. Solubility rules are generally defined for us in tables. Please re-summarize the tables provided in the text (or from an online source if you do not have the textbook). What happens when you mix compounds in solution and they form a compound that is insoluble? Is there a general name for this type of chemical reaction?

Instead of writing out molecular equations – sometimes we are able to write a reaction of interest out in terms of just the ions that participate in the reaction. Write out the net ionic equation for the reaction of Lead _(II) Nitrate and Potassium Chloride.

which of the followinf regarding nk cells is false?

a.nk cells are a type of neutrophil

b.nk cells attack cancer cells and virus infected body cells,

c.nk cells are present in the bl, sppleen, lymph nodes, and red bone marrow.

d. nk cells attack cells that display abnormal mhc antigens.

innate imune system defense include

a.b cells

b. t cells

c.phagocytes

d.plasma cells

which of the following is not a function of the lymphatic system?

a.carrying out immune repsonse

b. transporting respiratory gases

c.transporting diertary fats

d.drainig excess interstitual fluid

which of the statements below does not describe antigens?

a. antigens can include prteins, nucleic acids, lipoproteins,glycoproteins, and certain large polysaccharides

b. the parts of antigen molecules that initiate immune responses are called epitopes or antigenic determinants

c.antigens only come from microbes

d.antigens exhibit immunogenicity and reactivity

Lymph capillaries are absent in all but which of the following?

a.digestiev organs

b.cns

c.bones and teeth

d. bone marrow

Discuss the value of generating QuickBooks reports. Discuss at least 2 internal user groups and the reports that would be beneficial to them and how they would use those reports to make better business decisions. Internal User Groups include: Human Resource Department Billing / Accounts Receivable Department Accounts Payable Department Job Managers Location Managers Payroll Managers Finance Department (Cash Management and Budgeting) Executive Management

True or False:

1. Construction of human connectomes would allow detailed study of brain physiology, abilities, and behavior.

2. Formation, retention, and retrieval of memories is a simple process that involves several stages and multiple portions of the central nervous system.

3. Both humans and the universe are composed of hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen

4. The neocortex overrides the primitive actions of the reptilian brain and limbic system, giving rise to rational thinking