Hunger is defined as the _______ drive to eat.

The United States nutritional standards are know as:

The six essential nutrients are Carbohydrates, Protein, Fat, Vitamins, Minerals and what?

Nine amino acids must come from our food. These are called:

The easiest fats to control in our diets are:

Animal Nutrition Questions:

7) Describe four general mechanisms by which dietary nutrients (nutrition) impact the immune system and resistance to infectious diseases. For each mechanism, describe how a diet designed to optimize immunity would diverge from a diet designed to optimize growth.  

1)

2)

3)

4)

8) In two sentences or less describe how the priority of a nutrient (e.g. lysine) is established by a cell. What are the relative priorities for amino acids of: B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, macrophages, brain, muscle?

(This is BIOchemistry) For the appetite-related signaling molecule NPY:

a.) What is the specific function of that molecule?

b.) What is the mechanism of that action (how does it do what it does)?

c.) How is that molecule made? Describe any prepro- and pro- forms and associated cleavages or covalent bonds or phosphorylations associated with the molecule.

d.) Describe how the molecule is regulated

(This problem relates to chapters 22, Biosynthesis of amino acids, nucleotides, and related molecules; and chapter 23, hormonal regulation and integration of mammalian metabolism, from the Lehninger Biochemistry textbook).

This is BIOchemistry) For the appetite-related signaling molecule GHRELIN:

a.) What is the specific function of that molecule?

b.) What is the mechanism of that action (how does it do what it does)?

c.) How is that molecule made? Describe any prepro- and pro- forms and associated cleavages or covalent bonds or phosphorylations associated with the molecule.

d.) Describe how the molecule is regulated

(This problem relates to chapters 22, Biosynthesis of amino acids, nucleotides, and related molecules; and chapter 23, hormonal regulation and integration of mammalian metabolism, from the Lehninger Biochemistry textbook).

This is BIOchemistry) For the appetite-related signaling molecule MELANOCORTIN:

a.) What is the specific function of that molecule?

b.) What is the mechanism of that action (how does it do what it does)?

c.) How is that molecule made? Describe any prepro- and pro- forms and associated cleavages or covalent bonds or phosphorylations associated with the molecule.

d.) Describe how the molecule is regulated

(This problem relates to chapters 22, Biosynthesis of amino acids, nucleotides, and related molecules; and chapter 23, hormonal regulation and integration of mammalian metabolism, from the Lehninger Biochemistry textbook).

You perform a cell free translation experiment like Nirenberg and Matthaei, but you forget to write down what nucleotides you added to make the mRNA. You precipitate the translated polypeptides and measure the relative amount of radiolabeled amino acids incorporated into them. You get 25% proline, 25% threonine, 12.5% glutamine, 12.5% lysine, 12.5% asparagine, and 12.5% histidine. What nucleotides and in what % did you add to make the mRNA? Please explain step by step.

Why is the answer 50% C and 50% A?

Which statement is TRUE regarding the late stages of starvation?

A) The brain has decreased its need for glucose by switching to lactate as a major energy source.

B) HIgh levels of acetyl-CoA derived from lipid catabolism lead to the production of acetoacetate.

C) Ketone bodies are produced from amino acids liberated from noncritical proteins.

D) Gluconeogenesis is extremely active in the liver because of the large amounts of lactate exported from the muscle.

E) Catabolism of triacylglycerols provides the major source of a gluconeogenic metabolite in the form of glycerol.

For each item, select "Absorptive" or "Post-absorptive" depending on which state is correct.

What are the differences between polyamides and proteins ? I) Polyamides are unable to undergo hydrogen bonding between individual polymer chains. II) Polyamides usually do not have hydroxyl- or thiol-groups as side chains. III) Proteins and polyamides can be partially crystalline. IV) Polyamides have a more stable bond between their monomers than proteins have between the individual amino acids.

Choose one answer.

A. I and II
B. II and III are correct
C. II and IV
D. III and IV