1. You go to monitor a patient and note that the patient is slightly uncomfortable. She is on Pressure Assist Control with the following settings: inspiratory pressure of 15cm H2O, PEEP 5 cm H2O, FIo2 .35, and an inspiratory time of 1.2 seconds. Upon careful examination you note that there is diaphragmatic activity prior to exhalation near the end of the breath.

Question 1: What is the primary problem or issue to be addressed?

Question 2: What can you do with the ventilator to make this patient more comfortable?

2. The nurse calls you in to the room of a patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), who appears uncomfortable and is on the following settings: PS of 8 cm H2O, Peep 5 cm H2O, and Fio2 .30. His respiratory rate is 18 and his tidal volume is 600 mL (approximately 8 mL/kg ideal body weight). You also not that his inspiratory time is about 1.6 seconds.

Question 1: What is this issue a problem to be addressed?

Question 2: What can you do with the ventilator that could make this patient more comfortable?

Lead in amounts over the primary drinking water standard of 0.0150 milligrams per liter may cause nervous system disorders and brain or kidney damage. Since lead accumulates in body tissue, it is especially hazardous to the fetus or to children under three years old. Over time, the standard deviation of the lead concentration in samples of the drinking water of a neighborhood near an old battery plant has been s=0.0005 mg/l. This week, 16 samples of drinking water were collected from homes in the neighborhood with a mean of =0.0153.

a) Do these statistics provide sufficient evidence to require residents to stop drinking the water and to incur the expense of having water trucked into the neighborhood? Do a hypothesis test and show all 6 steps. Use.

b) Briefly discuss the consequences of type I and type II errors in the context of this problem. From your point of view, which of the two errors is the most serious for this situation?

c) Construct a 95% confidence interval for the mean amount of lead in the water.  confidence interval

d) What is the power of the test for an alternative mean of 0.0154?

Which of the following securities would tend to offer the lowest yield?

Which of the following bonds grades would a U.S. bank normally be allowed to choose for their investment portfolio?

Suppose a bank is following a passive ladder strategy in managing its investment portfolio, when interest rates are relatively high and the business cycle is near or at its peak, banks would be expected to:

11. Many proponents of public transit argue that the service should be provided free to the public in metropolitan areas in order to reduce pollution and traffic congestion. Estimates by economists found the price elasticity of demand for public transit to be 0.17. The economists also found the cross-price elasticity of demand with the automobile to be 0.10.

a. What will free public transit mean to the use of the public transportation service?

b. What will free public transit mean to the use of the automobile?

12. What would happen to the demand curve in each of the following cases:

a. income rises

b. the number of customers rises

c. the number of substitutes increases

d. people expect that the price of the good will decline in the near future

e. people expect that the price of the good will rise in the future

13. For each of the following pairs of goods or services, identify the one for which the price elasticity of demand is greater and explain why.

• Coffee/Starbucks coffee

• Tuition at a public university/tuition at a private university

• Emergency room medical service/annual physical exam

• Movies in the afternoon/movies at night

• Prescription medicine/over-the-counter medicine

A 6 month-old male with a past medical history of eczema presents to the clinic today with a chief complaint of a reddened area over the inner left thigh. The area is warm, mildly swollen and tender with a central lump. He started having tactile fevers, irritability, and poor feeding today which prompted the mother to bring him for evaluation. VS: T 38.5, P 110, R 26 He is fussy but distractible with a pacifier. He has a left upper inner thigh erythematous lesion measuring 3 x 4 cm. The skin over the area is mildly indurated, warm, brightly erythematous, and tender. Near the center of the lesion, a 1x2 cm raised and fluctuant pustule filled with purulent material is noted. There is no joint involvement. What other assessments do you want to make or history questions do you want to ask? What are your primary concern for this child/family? What medical care do you anticipate from the provider? What education will you give the family before discharge?

Three way catalytic converters have been installed in new vehicles in oder to reduce pollutants from motor vehicles exhaust emissions. However, these converters unintentionally increase the level of ammonia in the air. Environmental Science and Technology published a study on the ammonia levels near the exit ramp of a San Francisco highway tunnel. The data in the next table represent daily ammonia concentrations ( parts per million) on eight randomly selectd days during afternoon drive time in the summer of 1999

X= 1.53, 1.50, 1.37, 1.51, 1.55, 1.42, 1.41, 1.48

1)

a)

Provide descriptive statistics for the data,

specifically mean, median, standard

deviation, variance, interquartile range. Make

sure to report units

b)

Estimate the mean daily ammonia

concentration for the selected exit ramp of a

San Francisco highway in summer 1999.

c)

Compute the standard error of the mean.

d)

What is conceptual difference between the

standard deviation in a) and the standard

error in c)

e)

Estimate the confidence interval of the mean

and interpret it in words

(10)

Which of the following steps in the catalytic cycle of the F₁ component of ATP synthase is the most energetically unfavorable?

Group of answer choices

Formation of ATP from ADP and P_i

Binding of P_i

Binding of ADP

Binding of ATP

Release of ATP

(11)

The reaction catalyzed by malate dehydrogenase (shown below) completes the citric acid cycle. The ΔG°’ for this reaction is equal to 29.7 kJ/mol.

L-malate + NAD+ ⇄ oxaloacetate + NADH + H⁺

Which of the following are factors that may contribute in favoring the formation of products?

Group of answer choices

High H⁺ concentration

Low concentration of NADH and high concentration of NAD⁺

High concentration of oxaloacetate

Low concentration of oxaloacetate

(b) and (d)

(12)

What is the most likely adaptation response of bacteria when the growth temperature is changed from near physiological (37°C) to cold (8°C)?

Group of answer choices

incorporation of saturated fatty acids in the membrane

incorporation of unsaturated fatty acids in the membrane

thermal compensation by upregulation of exergonic reactions

thermal compensation by downregulation of endergonic reactions

migration to warmer media

Suppose you discover a novel process in a little-studied cell type in which application of a chemical causes an unknown organelle to undergo energy-dependent movement from near the MTOC to the plasma membrane. To probe the cytoskeletal elements required for this movement you add an actin depolymerizing drug latrunculin A. This drug does not affect the initial movement of the organelle away from the MTOC, however the organelle stops before reaching the plasma membrane. You next try the microtubule depolymerizing drug colchicine. This drug prevents any movement of the organelle away from the MTOC in response the chemical stimulus.

1. What do these results tell you about the identity of the cytoskeletal elements involved and the identity of the required motor proteins over the course of movement?

2. Predict the result you would get if you added both latrunculin A and colchicine at the same time. Would the resulting phenotype be a combination of adding each drug alone, would one or the other drug’s effects predominate, or would they cancel each other out? Why?

The Social Security system is financed by taxes on the wage and salary incomes and the profit incomes of self-employed persons who are currently working and paying into the system. These individuals pay Social Security tax of 6.2 percent on incomes up to roughly $132,900 with a matching payment by their employers. Income above $132,900 is not subject to tax. Benefits are determined by how much a worker paid into the system over his/her working life. Thus the more one pays into the system the higher are the retirement benefits. The system was devised as a program that would provide a minimum retirement income to working persons. It was to be similar to a pension program.

Economic analysts are anticipating Social Security to run out of funds near the year 2036. There are many proposals for reforming Social Security, but only one fundamentally alters the nature of the current system: privatization.

For Critical Analysis:
Is the Social Security tax progressive, regressive, or proportional? Are Social Security transfer payments designed to redistribute income from upper to lower income retirees? What would happen if Social Security were privatized?