To be able to predict and calculate properties of real gases.

Kinetic molecular theory makes certain assumptions about gases that are, in fact, not true for real gases. Therefore, the measured properties of a gas are often slightly different from the values predicted by the ideal gas law. The van der Waals equation is a more exact way of calculating properties of real gases. The formula includes two constants, a and b, that are unique for each gas.

The van der Waals equation is (P+an2V2)(V−nb)=nRT, where P is the pressure, n the number of moles of gas, V the volume, T the temperature, and R the gas constant.

All real gases possess intermolecular forces that can slightly decrease the observed pressure. In the van der Waals equation, the variable P is adjusted to P+an2V2, where a is the attractive force between molecules.

The volume of a gas is defined as the space in which the gas molecules can move. When using the ideal gas law we make the assumption that this space is equal to the volume of the container. However, the gas molecules themselves take up some space in the container. So in the van der Waals equation, the variable V is adjusted to be the volume of the container minus the space taken up by the molecules, V−nb, where b is the volume of a mole of molecules.

Part C

12.0 moles of gas are in a 4.00 L tank at 24.2 ∘C . Calculate the difference in pressure between methane and an ideal gas under these conditions. The van der Waals constants for methane are a=2.300L2⋅atm/mol2 and b=0.0430 L/mol.

We are going to look at how the radial velocity method can be used to determine the mass of a planet. The observations that get made look at two things: the wobble of the star (it is measured as a change in the speed the star appears to be traveling towards or away from us) and the amount of time it takes for the pattern to repeat itself. Let's consider the planet beta Gemini b. The change in the speed of the star due to the planet's tug is approximately v star = 40 m/sec. Knowing that the mass of the star is M star = 2 M ? and that the period of the orbit is approximately P = 2 years, we can estimate the orbital separation a . Recall that Kepler's Third Law is M star M ? ( P year ) 2 = ( a AU ) 3 where M is the mass of the star, P is the period of the orbit, and a is the separation. Notice the scaling. If M , P , and a are expressed in the right units then the calculation becomes much easier. What is the orbital separation between the star and the planet in astronomical units? Given your answer above, let's estimate the speed of the planet in kilometers per second. This can be determined using the equation v planet = 2 ? a P ? 6 a P for a circular orbit (and this planet is nearly on a circular orbit). What is the velocity of the planet in km/sec? Now we can calculate the planet's mass by using the equation M star v star = m planet v planet What is the mass of the planet in Jupiter masses? A convenient conversion factor is that 1 M ? = 10 3 M Jupiter

2

(a) ΔrG° for the following reaction at 398 K is 2.6 kJ mol−1:

H2(g) + I2(g) → 2 HI(g)

If a gas mixture containing: 2.00 bar of H2, 2.00 bar of iodine vapour, and 0.500 bar of hydrogen iodide, is sealed in a container at 398 K, is the reaction at equilibrium? [4]

(b) Sketch a graph to show how the conductivity of a solution varies with concentration depending on whether the solute is a strong or weak electrolyte. Include the equation which allows the limiting molar conductivity to be obtained from the graph.

Explain why the graphs are different. [4]

The following questions are concerned with electrochemical cells.

(c) If I2 and Br2 are added to a solution containing I– and Br– , what reaction will occur if the concentration of each species is 1M? Explain your answer. The standard reduction potentials of iodine and bromine are given below:

I2 + 2 e– → 2 I– E° = +0.54 V

Br2 + 2 e– → 2 Br– E° = +1.09 V [4]

(d)

Cu(s) | Cu2+(aq, 0.1 mol dm–3 ) || Ag+ (aq, 1.0 mol dm–3 ) | Ag(s)

Ag+ (aq) + e– → Ag(s) E° = +0.80 V

Cu2+(aq) + 2 e– → Cu(s) E° = +0.34 V

(i) Calculate E°cell under standard conditions. [2]

(ii) Calculate Ecell for the concentrations given in the cell diagram above. [4]

(iii) Calculate ΔG for the above cell. [2]

Q. A hypothetical velocity field is given in Cartesian Coordinates by: V? = 4z^2t i ? 4x k where i, j and k are the unit base vectors. t is the time variable and (x, y, z) are the Cartesian Coordinates in the ( i, j , k ) directions respectively. The fluid density is constant and given by p = 1000kg/m^3

5(a) Give the (x, y, z) components of V? which are written
(u, v, w)respectively. Check whether the flow satisfies the
appropriate continuity equation and conclude whether this
flow is physically possible. Note that the general continuity
equation is given on the formulae sheet at the end exam
paper.

5(b) Give the general expression of the acceleration field from
the above velocity field in the Eulerian frame of reference
and calculate the acceleration at (t, x, y, z) = (t, ?1,5,1) and
at (t, x, y, z) = (1, ?1,5,1) .

5(c) Calculate the component of the velocity in the direction of
the vector t = 2 i + a j, written Vt (where a is an unknown constant) . This can be obtained from:
Vt = V??t/|t |

where the dot indicates the dot product of vectors and the
bold font indicates that we are dealing with vectors.

5(d) Check whether the pressure field p = 2x + y satisfies the
appropriate form of the incompressible x momentum
equation which may be derived from the equation given on
the formulae sheet at end of the examination paper. You
can neglect gravity.

1. Order: tolbutamide 250 mg po twice a day

Supplied: tolbutamide 0.5 g scored tablets

Give:  Answer tablet(s)

2. Order: penicillin V potassium 0.5g po q6h

Supplied: penicillin V potassium 250 mg scored tablets

Give: Answer tablet(s)

3. Order: penicillin V potassium 375 mg po four times daily

Supplied: penicillin V potassium 250 mg per 5 mL

Give: Answer mL

Please round to nearest 10th if necessary

4. The physician orders furosemide 60 mg po daily.

The pharmacy supplies is as furosemide 40 mg/5 mL

Please round to the nearest 10th if necessary

5. The physician orders cloxacillin sodium 110 mg po every 6 hours . The pharmacy supplies cloxacillin sodium oral solution 125 mg/5 mL. The nurse should administer Answer mL per dose. (Please remember to round to the 10th place and NOT to a whole number. Liquids can be measured more precisely than tablets)

6. The physician orders carvedilol 3.125 mg po twice a day. The pharmacy supplies 6.25 mg carvedilol tablets. The nurse should administer Answer tablet(s) per dose.

6. The physician orders docusate sodium 100 mg per gastric tube twice a day. The pharmacy supplies docusate sodium liquid 150 mg/15 mL. The nurse should administer Answer mL per dose.

Which of the following is presented in the activities section of the Statement of Cash Flows?

Which of the following statements is correct?

R has a number of datasets built in. One such dataset is called mtcars. This data set contains fuel consumption and 10 aspects of automobile design and performance for 32 automobiles (1973-74 models) as reported in a 1974 issue of Motor Trend Magazine.

We do not have to read in these built-in datasets. We can just attach the variables by using the code

        attach(mtcars)

We can just type in mtcars and see the entire dataset. We can see the variable names by using the command

The variables are defined as follows:

mpg Miles/(US) gallon

cyl Number of cylinders

disp Displacement (cu.in.)

hp Gross horsepower

drat Rear

axle ratio

wt Weight (lb/1000)

qsec 1/4 mile time

vs V/S (“V” engine or “Straight line”) (0 or V, 1 for S)

am Transmission (0 = automatic, 1 = manual)
gear Number of forward gears
carb Number of carburetors

We want to model mpg by some or all of the other 10 variables . Do a complete regression analysis. Be sure to comment for each thing you do.

Suppose a prototype for a car was in development. This car has 6 cylinders, 250 cubic in. engine, 130 horsepower, a rear axle ratio of 3.8, weighs 2750 pounds, has a 1/4 mile time of 15.9 seconds, is a V engine type, has automatic transmission, 5 forward gears, and 6 carburetors. With 90% confidence, what is an interval estimate for the predicted mpg for this car?

1. Which of the following are factors that can shift the supply curve for concert tickets?

1. a wage increase for musicians
2. a cut in personal income taxes
3. a new sound system for concert halls
4. a subsidy for concert providers
5. the price of substitutes for concerts

a. I, II, and V only

b. I, III, and IV only

c. I, III, and V only

d. II, IV, and V only

e. I, III, IV, and V only

2. Given a normal market supply curve for automobiles, if the government required that side airbags be installed on all automobiles, then

a. there is an increase in supply of automobiles.

b. there is an increase in the quantity supplied of automobiles.

c. there is a decrease in supply of automobiles.

d. there is a decrease in the quantity supplied of automobiles.

e. cannot be determined from information given.

3. If the government institutes an effective price floor on volleyballs, then there will be a

a. decrease in demand for and an increase in supply of volleyballs.

b. decrease in supply of volleyballs.

c. decrease in quantity supplied of volleyballs.

d. decrease in demand for volleyballs.

e. decrease in quantity demanded for volleyballs.

4.

If the government sets a price ceiling of $4,

a. market forces will cause the quantity demanded to drop and the quantity supplied to rise.

b. a shortage will exist.

c. a surplus will exist.

d. market forces will cause demand to drop and supply to rise.

e. market forces will cause supply to drop and demand to rise.

Assume that the following relationship holds:

Maintenance Costs = (v * Machine Hours) + f

REQUIRED

Estimate the values of v and f and the cost equation, using,

1.the High-Low Method, and

2. the Linear Regression method.

Note, to use the linear regression method, you MUST use the Microsoft Excel program.

Make sure to report:

1. the values of v and f;

2. a scatter plot of the data points, and

3. the adjusted R-square; explain what the adjusted R-square means.

4. The cost equation in the form of Y = vx + f, substituting the values for v and f from the regression output.

***YOUR SUBMISSION MUST BE IN EXCEL. ***

***PLEAE INCLUDE AN EXCEL ATTACHMENT SO THAT I MAY OPEN IT UP IN EXCEL.***

***ONE WORKBOOK, WITH A WORKSHEET FOR EACH ANALYSIS***

(i.e., High-Low Method and Regression Analysis respectively). The regression analysis must include the output from the Analysis Datapak similar to Exhibit 6-15 on page 328.