In studies of human MZ and DZ twin pairs of the same sex who are reared together, the following concordance values are identified for various traits. Based on the values shown, describe the relative importance of genes versus the influence of environmental factors for each trait.

Trait Concordance

MZ DZ

Blood type 100 65

Chicken pox 89 87

Manic depression 67 13

Schizophrenia 72 12

Diabetes 62 15

Cleft lip 51 6

Club foot 40 4

The length of human pregnancies from conception to birth varies according to a distribution that can be modeled by a normal random variable with mean 267 days and standard deviation 15 days.

Question 1. What percent of pregnancies last less than 240 days? Note that the answer is requested as a percent. Use 2 decimal places in your answer.

%

Question 2. What percent of pregnancies last between 240 and 270 days? Note that the answer is requested as a percent. Use 2 decimal places in your answer.

%

Question 3. The longest 20% of pregnancies last at least how many days? (round to the nearest whole day)

days.

Human Physiology

1. Describe the events that lead to micturition (urination), including the effect of the nervous system on the muscles involved.
2. Explain the concept of transport maximum. Under what scenario would glucose appear in the urine?
3. Explain in detail the process that establishes and maintains the medullary osmotic gradient in the kidneys. Then describe the effect this osmotic gradient has on the water in the renal tubules.
4. Explain what conditions stimulate the release of ADH by the posterior pituitary. Then describe in detail the effect of ADH on cells lining the collecting duct.
5. Describe the effect aldosterone and ANP have on sodium levels in the blood.

Assume that human body temperatures are normally distributed with a mean of

98.19°F

and a standard deviation of

0.63°F.

a. A hospital uses

100.6°F

as the lowest temperature considered to be a fever. What percentage of normal and healthy persons would be considered to have a​ fever? Does this percentage suggest that a cutoff of

100.6°F

is​ appropriate?

b. Physicians want to select a minimum temperature for requiring further medical tests. What should that temperature​ be, if we want only​ 5.0% of healthy people to exceed​ it? (Such a result is a false​ positive, meaning that the test result is​ positive, but the subject is not really​ sick.)

a. The percentage of normal and healthy persons considered to have a fever is

nothing​%.

​(Round to two decimal places as​ needed.)

Does this percentage suggest that a cutoff of

100.6°F

is​ appropriate?

A.

​No, because there is a large probability that a normal and healthy person would be considered to have a fever.

B.

​No, because there is a small probability that a normal and healthy person would be considered to have a fever.

C.

​Yes, because there is a large probability that a normal and healthy person would be considered to have a fever.

D.

​Yes, because there is a small probability that a normal and healthy person would be considered to have a fever.

b. The minimum temperature for requiring further medical tests should be

nothingdegrees Upper F°F

if we want only​ 5.0% of healthy people to exceed it.

​(Round to two decimal places as​ needed.)

A kinesiologist wanted to investigate the effect of temperature and humidity on human performance. He found 28 college students and randomly assigned them to four different conditions, during which they were to walk at their normal pace on a treadmill for 60 minutes. He measured how far, in miles, they walked. The conditions varied in temperature (normal temperature/high temperature) and humidity (normal humidity/high humidity). The data are presented below, and SSwithin = 1.58. Do all hypothesis testing steps and compute effect sizes. Note that T = Σx.  

Normal Temperature, Normal Humidity

n = 7

M = 3.00

T = 21

Normal Temperature, High Humidity

n = 7

M = 2.80

T = 19.60

High Temperature, Normal Humidity

n = 7

M = 2.80

T = 19.60

High Temperature, High Humidity

n = 7

M = 2.00

T = 14

1. The length of human pregnancies from conception to birth varies according to a distribution that is approximately Normal with mean 266 days and standard deviation 16 days. About 68% of all pregnancies last between

a. 250 and 282 days          b. 234 and 298 days           c. 218 and 314 days      d. 250 and 266 days

2. The distribution of actual weights of chocolate bars produced by a certain machine is approximately Normal with mean 8.2 ounces and standard deviation of 0.1 ounces. What proportion of chocolate bars weigh under 8 ounces?

a. 13.5%       b. 34%        c. 16%       d. 2.5%

3. Sixteen weighings of a small object on a sensitive scale result in 5.15 grams 4 times, 5.35 grams 4 times, 5.20 grams, 4 times and 5.30 grams 4 times, 16 total. If the standard deviation σ of weighings on this scale is .8 grams, what is an approximate 95% confidence interval for the true weight of the object?

1. 5.25 ±.4         b. 5.25 ±.2        c. 5.25 ±.8       d. 5.20 ±.2

4. A survey of 900 gun-owners who frequent a popular shooting range in Texas had a nearly 100% response rate. If only 18% of the respondents thought more laws on gun control should be enacted, the conclusion that less than 20% of people in the region support more gun laws would certainly be dubious due to which of the following?

a. large standard deviation of samples of size 900       b. nonresponse from the sample

c. sampling bias of respondents       d. small sample size

5. Scores on a test for 8^th graders range from 0 to 500. In a SRS of 400 students, the mean score is 335 and the standard deviation is 70. The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of x̅₄₀₀ is what?

1. 70/335        b. 400/70       c. 70/20         d. 335/20

6.The weights of a sample of 400 2-year-olds in Kentucky yields x̅₄₀₀ is 21.2 pounds with a standard deviation of σ = 3 pounds. What is a 95% confidence interval for the weight of all two-year-olds in Kentucky?
a. 18.2-21.5 pounds     b. 15.2-27.2 pounds        c. 21.185-22.015 pounds     d. 20.9-21.5 pounds

7.When finding confidence intervals, the interval is smaller if

    a.sample size and standard deviation are bigger    b.sample size and standard deviation are smaller   

c.sample size is bigger, but the standard deviation is smaller   d.sample size is smaller, but standard deviation is bigger.   

8. If the birth weights of the babies born annually in a hospital is Normal with a mean of 5 pounds 10 ounces and a standard deviation of 5 ounces, what percentage of babies are born weighing less than 5 pounds? (No table needed.)

a. 13.5%       b. 2.5%       c. 16%        d. .3%

9. What percent of the babies born weigh between 5 pounds and 5 pound 5 ounces? (Again no table.)

a. 13.5%       b. 47.5%       c. 16%        d. 34%

10. Of the 40 babies born during the first weeks of next month, how many are likely to be under five pounds?

a. 4      b. 2      c. 6     d. 1    

11.) A random sample of 1,600 adults in a certain country shows that 72% have smart phones. What is a 80% confidence interval for the percentage of adults having smart phones in this country?

1. 72%±1.85%     b. 72%±1.44%     c.72%±2.24%     d.72%±1.11%

12.If 48% of the 400 voters sampled voted for candidate A over candidate B, what is a 95% confidence for p hat, the estimate for the percentage candidate p that A would receive?

1. 48%±2.5%      b. 48%±5%     48%±10%     d. 48%±1%

13.Twenty-five randomly selected students are asked how many times a month they eat pizza. The average for this sample is x̅₂₅= 11.75 times,but the population mean of all college students is claimed to be μ = 10.60 times. If the null hypothesis is H₀ is μ = 10.60 times and the standard deviation σ = 5 times, should the null hypothesis be rejected at the 5% level of significance? (No table needed)

1. Yes       b.   No      c. Not enough information      

14. Is the distribution of incomes in the US described by a normal distribution with μ equal to the mean income?

1. Yes    b. No    c. Not enough information

15. The weights of baby orangutans has standard deviation 4 pounds. How large a sample of baby orangutans is necessary for the 95% margin of error to be .5 pounds?

a. 144      b. 324      c. 256   d. 900

16. A car manufacturer says their cars average 26 miles per gallon of gas at 65 miles per hour a standard deviation of σ = 2 miles per gallon.. A Consumer group tested 100 such cars and found the average x̅₁₀₀ to be 25.4 miles per gallon. Is this sufficiently small to reject the null hypothesis H₀: μ = 26 miles per gallon? (No table needed.)

a. Yes     b. No     c. Not enough information.

17. What is the probability that z, the standard normal distribution, is less than 1.75 standard deviations below the mean of zero?

a. 5%      b. 4%      c. 6%      d. 7.4%

18. If two random samples of the heights of adult males in New York are taken, one of 400, the other of 900 people, which one would likely have the larger range from shortest to tallest?

a. the 400 person sample      b. the 900 person sample    c. they’d be equal

19. The p-value of a test of the null hypothesis is 3.5%. This means

a. the hypothesis is true with probability 3.5% or possibly less than 3.5%     b. the alternative hypothesis is true with probability 3.5% or possibly less     c. 3.5% is the probability of finding the observed or more extreme results when the null hypothesis (H ₀) is true     d. None of the above

20. One of the main reasons to be interested in the regression line of y on x is that

a. one can use it to predict y-values from different x-values     b. one can determine the standard deviation of y    

c. one can determine from it the values of the quartiles of x and y.

Pesticides sprayed on crops can affect human beings. A symptom of the action of a pesticide is reduction

in brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, and a severe reduction can be dangerous in terms of body

functions. When cotton is sprayed, one criterion of the existence of such a reduction is whether quail in

field borders show reduced AChE activity. In one collection, the following six observations were made

for brain AChE activity in quail: 86.03, 83.67, 95.21, 92.94, 83.12 and 80.22. Suppose that the mean

brain AChE activity for quail who have not been exposed to the pesticide is 95. Do these data show a

reduction in AChE activity. Test at a 0.05 significance level

16. Assume that human body temperatures are normally distributed with a mean of 98.22°F and a standard deviation of 0.64°F. a. A hospital uses 100.6°F as the lowest temperature considered to be a fever. What percentage of normal and healthy persons would be considered to have a​ fever? Does this percentage suggest that a cutoff of 100.6°F is​ appropriate? b. Physicians want to select a minimum temperature for requiring further medical tests. What should that temperature​ be, if we want only​ 5.0% of healthy people to exceed​ it? (Such a result is a false​ positive, meaning that the test result is​ positive, but the subject is not really​ sick.)

A. The percentage of normal and healthy persons considered to have a fever is ____%.

​(Round to two decimal places as​ needed.)

Does this percentage suggest that a cutoff of 100.6 degrees Upper F is​ appropriate?

A. No, because there is a large probability that a normal and healthy person would be considered to have a fever.

B. No, because there is a small probability that a normal and healthy person would be considered to have a fever.

C. Yes, because there is a small probability that a normal and healthy person would be considered to have a fever.

D. ​Yes, because there is a large probability that a normal and healthy person would be considered to have a fever.

b. The minimum temperature for requiring further medical tests should be _____ F if we want only​ 5.0% of healthy people to exceed it.

​(Round to two decimal places as​ needed.)

31. Which of the following is not true about hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)? a. secretion of hCG helps maintain the corpus luteum b. secretion of hCG inhibits secretion of GnRH and FSH c. secretion of hCH promotes mentruation d. secreted by the implanted embryo

32. If peak estrogen and progesterone levels were maintained past the normal luteal stage, this would not result in which of the following? a. more severe endometrial shedding (heavier periods) b. continued suppression of GnRH secretion c. continued suppression of FSH secretion d. suppression of new follicle development

33. Peak estrogen and progesterone levels maintained past normal luteal stage would be associated with a. embryo development b. menstruation c. ovulation d. menopause e. primary follicle development

34. Which of the following is part of the primary follicle? a. corpus luteum b. corpus albicans c. ovum d. primary oocyte e. secondary oocyte