Subject: Cognitive Psychology

Scenario:

Recall a favorite vacation/trip. Someone wants to visit the same location. As a first time traveler, they are very apprehensive and your information may help ease the fear. S/he or they want to know specific details about the following: travel to that destination, the hotel you stayed at, your favorite restaurant(s), and popular venues from that destination. They also want to know the distance from the hotel to each restaurant and venue, to plan accordingly.

S/he requests that you draw out a map of the environment When remembering your vacation details for your friend, incorporate the information below in your response. Please define terms in your own words (do not copy and paste) using complete sentences

Components:

Describe the complexity of the problem. How did you use visual and auditory imagery to help resolve the problem? How did you use cognitive mapping to resolve the problem? What types of problem-solving approaches did you attempt in solving the problem? How will you apply visual and auditory imagery to problems in the future?

Sheila's measured glucose level one hour after a sugary drink varies according to the Normal distribution with μμ = 130 mg/dl and σσ = 15 mg/dl. What is the level L such that there is probability only 0.15 that the mean glucose level of 4 test results falls above L?

L=

A study of the career paths of hotel general managers sent questionnaires to an SRS of 210 hotels belonging to major U.S. hotel chains. There were 88 responses. The average time these 88 general managers had spent with their current company was 12.7 years. (Take it as known that the standard deviation of time with the company for all general managers is 3.6 years.)

(a) Find the margin of error for an 85% confidence interval to estimate the mean time a general manager had spent with their current company:  years

(b) Find the margin of error for a 99% confidence interval to estimate the mean time a general manager had spent with their current company:  years

(c) In general, increasing the confidence level  the margin of error (width) of the confidence interval. (Enter: ''DECREASES'', ''DOES NOT CHANGE'' or ''INCREASES'', without the quotes.)

Study a consumer product that your group might consider buying. Select a flatscreen TV, home theater system, computer, digital camera, espresso machine, car, SUV, hot tub, or some other product. Next, research the product as described in Chapter 10. Use at least five primary and five secondary sources in researching your topic. Your primary research will be in the form of interviews with individuals (owners, users, salespeople, technicians) in a position to comment on attributes of your product. Your secondary research will be in the form of print or electronic sources, such as magazine articles, owner manuals, and Web sites. Be sure to use electronic databases and the Web to find appropriate articles.

Your report should analyze and discuss at least three comparable models or versions of the target product. Decide what criteria you will use to compare the models, such as price, features, warranty, service, and so forth. The report should include these components: letter of transmittal, table of contents, executive summary, introduction (including background, purpose, scope of the study, and research methods), findings (organized by comparison criteria), summary of findings, conclusions, recommendations, and bibliography.

Suppose the following data show the percentage of 17- to 24-year-olds who are attending college in several metropolitan statistical areas in four geographic regions of the United States.

Use α = 0.05 to test whether the mean percentage of 17- to 24-year-olds who are attending college is the same for the four geographic regions.

State the null and alternative hypotheses.

H₀: μ_N = μ_M = μ_S = μ_W
H_a: μ_N ≠ μ_M ≠ μ_S ≠ μ_WH₀: Not all the population means are equal.
H_a: μ_N = μ_M = μ_S = μ_W    H₀: At least two of the population means are equal.
H_a: At least two of the population means are different.H₀: μ_N ≠ μ_M ≠ μ_S ≠ μ_W
H_a: μ_N = μ_M = μ_S = μ_WH₀: μ_N = μ_M = μ_S = μ_W
H_a: Not all the population means are equal.

Find the value of the test statistic. (Round your answer to two decimal places.)

Find the p-value. (Round your answer to three decimal places.)

p-value =

State your conclusion.

Reject H₀. There is not sufficient evidence to conclude that the percentage of 17- to 24-year-olds who are attending college is not the same for the four geographic regions.

Do not reject H₀. There is not sufficient evidence to conclude that the percentage of 17- to 24-year-olds who are attending college is not the same for the four geographic regions.

Reject H₀. There is sufficient evidence to conclude that the percentage of 17- to 24-year-olds who are attending college is not the same for the four geographic regions.

Do not reject H₀. There is sufficient evidence to conclude that the percentage of 17- to 24-year-olds who are attending college is not the same for the four geographic regions.

Your firm has two manufacturing facilities in North Texas. Suppose that for years the mean number of units manufactured per shift for plant 1 has been accepted to be the same as the mean number of units for plant 2. However, now plant 1 is believed to have a greater (>) mean than plant 2. Letting ? = .05 and assuming the populations have equal variances and x is approximately normally distributed, conduct a hypothesis to test this belief.
What is the correct hypothesis statement?
H0: ?1 ? ?2 -or- ?1 - ?2 ? 0
HA: ?1 < ?2 -or- ?1 - ?2 < 0

H0: ?1 = ?2 -or- ?1 - ?2 = 0
HA: ?1 ? ?2 -or- ?1 - ?2 ? 0

H0: ?1 ? ?2 -or- ?1 - ?2 ? 0
HA: ?1 > ?2 -or- ?1 - ?2 > 0

H0: ?1 ? ?2 -or- ?1 - ?2 ? 10
HA: ?1 < ?2 -or- ?1 - ?2 < 10

Your firm has two manufacturing facilities in North Texas. Suppose that for years the mean number of units manufactured per shift for plant 1 has been accepted to be the same as the mean number of units for plant 2. However, now plant 1 is believed to have a greater mean than plant 2. Letting ? = .05 and assuming the populations have equal variances and x is approximately normally distributed, conduct a hypothesis to test this belief. Data consists of 10 samples from each plant.
What is the critical value?
Round to three digits and include leading zeros if necessary.
What is the decision rule?
If the calculated test statistic is less than -1.734, reject the null hypothesis.
If the calculated test statistic is less than -2.101, reject the null hypothesis.
If the calculated test statistic is greater than 1.734, reject the null hypothesis.
If the absolute value of the calculated test statistic is greater than 1.734, reject the null hypothesis.

What is the calculated value of the test statistic?
Round to three digits and use leading zeros if necessary.
What is your decision about the null hypothesis?

Fail to reject.
Reject.
Conclude the null is supported.
Find the null is true.
Some studies have shown that in the United States, men spend more than women buying gifts and cards on Valentine’s Day. Suppose a researcher wants to test this hypothesis by randomly sampling nine men (sample1) and 10 women (sample 2) with comparable demographic characteristics from various large cities across the United States. Each study participant is asked to keep a log beginning one month before Valentine’s Day and record all purchases made for Valentine’s Day during that one-month period. . Use a 1% level of significance to test to determine if, on average, men actually do spend significantly more than women on Valentine’s Day. Assume that such spending is normally distributed in the population and that the population variances are equal.
What is the correct hypothesis statement?
H0: ?1 ? ?2 -or- ?1 - ?2 ? 0
HA: ?1 < ?2 -or- ?1 - ?2 < 0

H0: ?1 = ?2 -or- ?1 - ?2 = 0
HA: ?1 ? ?2 -or- ?1 - ?2 ? 0

H0: ?1 ? ?2 -or- ?1 - ?2 ? 0
HA: ?1 > ?2 -or- ?1 - ?2 > 0

H0: ?1 ? ?2 -or- ?1 - ?2 ? 10
HA: ?1 < ?2 -or- ?1 - ?2 < 10

What is the absolute value of the critical value?

What is the decision rule?
If the calculated test statistic is greater than -2.567, reject the null hypothesis.
If the calculated test statistic is greater than 2.567, reject the null hypothesis.
If the absolute value of the calculated test statistic is greater than 2.567, reject the null hypothesis.
If the absolute value of the calculated test statistic is less than -2.567, reject the null hypothesis.

Some studies have shown that in the United States, men spend more than women buying gifts and cards on Valentine’s Day. Suppose a researcher wants to test this hypothesis by randomly sampling nine men (sample1) and 10 women (sample 2) with comparable demographic characteristics from various large cities across the United States. Each study participant is asked to keep a log beginning one month before Valentine’s Day and record all purchases made for Valentine’s Day during that one-month period. . Use a 1% level of significance to test to determine if, on average, men actually do spend significantly more than women on Valentine’s Day. Assume that such spending is normally distributed in the population and that the population variances are equal. Data are in the attached file below.

What is the calculated value of the test statistic?
Round to three digits and use leading zeros if necessary.

What is your decision about the null hypothesis?
Fail to reject.
Reject.
Conclude the null is supported.
Find the null is true.

Using Excel determine the exact p-value.
Round to four digits and use leading zeros if necessary.

Question 2 Qui Limited was incorporated in Nova Scotia on May 21, 1936. The corporation has never carried on business in Canada, but held its annual directors' meeting in Nova Scotia each year from 1936 through 1966. Which one of the following best describes Qui Limited's residency status for Canadian income tax purposes for 2018? Question 2 options:

1) A full-time resident

2) A part-time resident

3) A deemed resident (sojourner)

4) A non-resident

Question 3 Which of the following statements about the ITA and related procedures is correct? Question 3 options:

1) There is no statutory definition of the word "income" in the ITA.

2) Courts always make decisions based on GAAP.

3) In tax matters, CRA always has the burden of proving that an assessment is incorrect.

4) An appeal in the Federal Court of Appeal must be made within 60 days from the date of the Tax Court of Canada decision.

Question 4 An overloaded external auditor takes home the audit work related to a client's taxation. Due to time pressure, the auditor asks her husband, who is an accountant too but working for another company, to help her in completing the working papers. Which of the following best describes your assessment of the auditor's action? Question 4 options:

1) This is acceptable because her husband is not working for her client.

2) She has most likely violated Canadian Auditing Standards (CAS) only.

3) She has most likely violated the CPA-Alberta Rules of Professional Conduct only.

4) She has most likely violated both CPA-Alberta Rules of Professional Conduct and CAS.

Question 5 Individuals must file their income tax returns: Question 5 options:

1) On a quarterly basis if self employed or spouse is self-employed.

2) June 15 if self-employed or spouse is self-employed.

3) If an individual's date of death is December 15, by April 30 of the following calendar year.

4) If an individual's date of death is November 15, by April 30 of the following calendar year.

Question 6 In citing the general restriction on expenses against business or property income, you would refer to: Question 6 options:

1) Subsection 18(1)a)

2) Subparagraph 18(1)a)

3) Paragraph 18(1)a)

4) Clause 18(1)a)

Question 7 Ontario Manufacturing Company is a company incorporated in the United States. It employs salespeople who live in Canada but does not have an office or any establishment bearing the company name in Canada. The salespeople visit Canadian customers, who then order from Ontario Manufacturing Company and receive goods directly from the United States. Which of the following best describes the tax status in Canada of Ontario Manufacturing Company? Question 7 options:

1) Ontario Manufacturing Company is not taxable in Canada, because it does not have a permanent establishment in Canada.

2) Ontario Manufacturing Company is subject to a withholding tax under Part XIII of the Income Tax Act on its gross revenue in Canada.

3) Ontario Manufacturing Company is subject to tax only on its Canadian sales because the location of company employees in Canada implies that there is a permanent establishment.

4) Ontario Manufacturing Company is subject to a withholding tax under Part XIII of the Income Tax Act on its net income earned in Canada.

Question 8 Amy lives in Detroit, Michigan, USA. She commutes daily to Windsor, Ontario, Canada, where she is employed by Ford Motor Company of Canada Limited. She works 9 am to 5 pm, Monday through Friday. Which one of the following best indicates Amy's residency status for Canadian income tax purposes for 2018? Question 8 options:

1) A full-time resident

2) A part-year resident

3) A deemed resident (sojourner)

4) A non-resident

Question 9 An auditor reviewing ABC Corporation discovered that $100,000 of corporate revenue was being deliberately recorded in the books as a debit to Bank and a credit to shareholders loan. Which of the following statements is true? Question 9 options:

1) This transaction is an example of tax avoidance.

2) This transaction is an example of tax planning.

3) This transaction does not fit any the above categories.

4) This transaction is an example of tax evasion.

Question 10 ABC Inc. is a private corporation incorporated in Canada in 1991. All of its income is derived from sources originating in New Zealand. All the ABC shareholders reside permanently in the United States, where they make all the major decisions for the company. Which of the following accurately describes ABC's tax status in Canada? Question 10 options: 1) ABC is not a resident of Canada and is taxed in Canada only on income earned from its permanent establishment in Canada.

2) ABC is a resident of Canada and taxed in Canada on its world income.

3) ABC is not a resident of Canada and is not subject to tax in Canada.

4) ABC is not a resident of Canada but is subject to a withholding tax on dividends paid to its shareholders in the United States.

Read the article，“Internet privacy and the ‘right to be forgotten’”, and write an Argument Essay.

You should spend some time planning your ideas, and should include a clear introduction, main body, and conclusion. You must use and integrate content from the article for at least THREE times in your essay to provide support for your ideas and arguments (e.g., reasons, examples, and evidence).

. Avoid patch-writing (500 words)

Task:Write an argument essay on whether Internet users should be given the  

“right to be forgotten” online.

Guidelines: Analyze the arguments in favor and against, and state your own

opinion clearly.

Internet privacy and the “right to be forgotten”

When it comes to privacy, the Internet has long been something of a Wild West but that that is starting to change, with regulators in Europe and the United States beginning to pull in the reins.On both sides of the Atlantic, officials are scrutinizing how companies such as Facebook and Google handle users' personal data, as they draw up plans to protect surfers while ensuring the growth of rapidly expanding social media, search engine and other Web-based businesses.

In the first sign of where Europe may be headed with its privacy regulations, the European Union announced this week that social networking sites and search engines could face court action if they fail to obey new EU data privacy rules.Under proposals to be fleshed out in the coming months and that will update 16-year-old data-protection laws, the European Commission wants to force companies holding data to allow users to withdraw it from websites, calling it the "right to be forgotten."

Companies would also have to provide more information on what data they have collected from people and why."Any company operating in the EU market or any online product that is targeted at EU consumers must comply with EU rules," Viviane Reding, the European commissioner in charge of justice issues, said in a speech this week."To enforce EU law, national privacy watchdogs will be endowed with powers to investigate and engage in legal proceedings against non-EU data controllers," she added.Reding said that EU-based privacy watchdogs should even be given powers to enforce compliance outside Europe, which could include access to U.S.-based servers and other data sources.While privacy campaigners and Internet users may be pleased to hear what Reding has to say, her words will cause concern in parts of the United States, where many of the biggest and most successful search engines and social media companies are based.

Europe and the United States have traditionally differed on privacy issues, with the EU taking a stronger regulatory approach and U.S. officials more mindful of the need to balance entrepreneurship and business demands with data protection.But in recent weeks, as U.S. privacy experts have visited Brussels to try to close the gaps between the two regulatory frameworks, officials have emphasized how closely they are working together to come up with a common set of standards."I think our baseline understanding of the rules is very similar," said Fiona Alexander of the U.S. Department of Commerce, who was in Brussels this month to meet EU regulators. "The implementation in the past may have been different."

The EU and U.S. already agree on some general concepts, such as the idea that privacy safeguards need to be designed into Web products from the start. They also both want to require Web browsers to offer a "do not track" option to users.But differences remain on specifics and philosophy.EU officials are adamant that companies should obtain explicit permission from users before every use of their data -- such as through a pop-up consent box -- while that is not something U.S. regulators are pushing for, EU officials say.

The right to be forgotten is also a concept that goes against the grain for U.S. regulators, who favor a broader definition of freedom of information.In a sign of where Europe is going and how complex applying the law could become, Spanish data protection authorities ordered Google in January to remove links to more than 80 news articles mentioning people by name, saying it violated privacy.The case has been referred to Europe's highest court.

Some companies, such as Microsoft, support the effort by the European Union and the United States to align their policies, saying it will result in clearer, more uniform rules."Companies need solid, clear rules to be able to continue to invest and to be competitive," said John Vassallo, Microsoft's vice president of EU affairs. "Now, there are too many competing rules."

But even within individual EU countries, privacy rules vary so much that lawyers say it would be almost impossible for a multinational company to be compliant in all 27 EU countries.That suggests that Reding and her EU regulatory team will have their work cut out if they are to draw up a clear and workable policy in the months ahead, and one that fits well with the rules U.S. regulators are also drawing up.

Amy is working as a new RN in an emergency department (ED). A patient has arrived in the ED and has a diagnosis of renal failure. The ED physician concludes, after testing, that the patient is in need of dialysis. The patient claims that he is an illegal immigrant and cannot pay for dialysis service. He was obtaining dialysis in his country but had to travel a long distance in order to reach the dialysis site. He came to the United States because his family is in need of money and he heard that he would be able to find a better job here.

The physician treating the patient steps out to call for the hospital medical director. The two physicians discuss the case. Amy overhears their conversation. The ED physician explains that the patient may die if he does not receive dialysis. The medical director states that the hospital is already in debt with a charity dialysis case that has cost the facility more than $100,000. If they take on another patient, it will be a huge financial burden to the hospital, which is already struggling. As their discussion ends, the ED physician returns to the patient and tells him that he will be treated for his immediate condition but that he must pursue dialysis treatment as soon as possible and discharges the patient from the ED. Amy has concerns for the patient and wonders whether the right decision has been made.

Questions:

1. Was an ethical decision made with regard to the patient’s care?

2. Should Amy react to the decision?

3. How can the hospital remain open to treat many other sick patients if it is forced to close because of the expense of a few?

4. What would you do?

BBT Production is promoting a concert in Kuala Lumpur. The bands will receive a flat fee of RM7 million in cash. The concert will be shown worldwide on closed-circuit television. BBT will collect 100% of the receipts and will return 30% to the individual local closed-circuit theater managers. BBT expects to sell 1.1 million seats at a net average price of RM13 each.

Required: