-       The difference between sensation and perception. The difference between bottom-up and top-down processing, this is as important as it can get. Examples of top-down processing related factors such as visual context, expectations effects, regularities in the environment, and the Gestalt rules of perceptual grouping. Examples of depth cues must be familiar and they could be discussed in relation to bottom-up and top-down processing. The role of top-down processing in the hollow-face illusion and the Ames room illusion is important.

The Bank of England will prevent members of its interest rate-setting committee from publishing individual opinions on the economy despite a review of its procedures calling for greater transparency. The Bank said a "collective forecast" will remain the centerpiece of the monetary policy committee's monthly reports, effectively barring members from explaining their views on the likely path of economic growth, inflation, and unemployment. Critics of the Bank's policy said the Bank's governor, Sir Mervyn King, had rejected proposals for the public to see a wider range of views because he wanted to maintain a stranglehold on the direction of policy...In response, the Bank said it agreed some procedures were opaque and there was a need for clear lines of responsibility, but said that criticism of the monetary policy committee, which King chairs, were largely unfounded. Explain why then-Bank of England Governor Mervyn King would want to prevent members of the monetary policy committee from stating their own views. Think about this within the context of inflationary expectations. Why then is the Bank of England calling for greater transparency?

Judgments about physicians' orders:

The word autonomy literally means "self-governing." The concept of nursing autonomy can be discussed on two levels: the autonomy of the profession and autonomy of the individual practitioner. Self-regulation is the mark of collective professional autonomy. Individual autonomy involves self-determination, responsibility, accountability, independence, and a willingness to take risks. Autonomy is generally considered to be an important criterion in judging the professional status of occupation. However, we continue to debate whether nurses have autonomy (Burkhardt & Nathaniel (2008). Ethics & Issues (3rd. ed.).

Nurses are frequently asked to give medication with which they are not familiar. Unable to quickly determine the appropriateness or safety of a given drug, nurses may decide to refuse to administer a particular drug. Discuss:

1) What feelings, emotions, and values are involved in the nurse's decision to refuse to follow a physician's order?

2) What are some predictable reactions of the nurse's coworkers, supervisors, and physicians when a nurse refuses to follow a physician's order?

3) What ethical principles can be used to guide such decisions?

4) How is the nurse empowered in these types of situations?

29) According to Zaller’s “Top of the Head” model, citizens with clear partisan preferences are more likely to:

A) Seek political information

B) Pay the costs to participate in politics

C) Be more exposed to opposing viewpoints on public policy matter

D) Resist Information that does not conform with their partisan preferences

E) Support candidates at all levels of the ballot that match their partisan preferences

32) The spatial model is an example of:

A) Voting based on position issues

B) The importance of party identification

C) Voting on balance issues

D) how the costs of voting introduce bias into representation

E) how heuristics can leader voter astray

42)Which of the following is the best example of collective accountability in congressional elections?

A) holding candidates of the president’s party all accountable for low presidential approval

B) holding candidates accountable for the individual positions they take during a campaign

C) holding candidates accountable on the basis of their partisan affiliation

D) holding candidates accountable for their individual valence characteristics such as honesty and integrity

E) holding incumbents accountable for their individual voting records

please help me!!!

On the basis of the three individual demand schedules below, and assuming these three people are the only ones in the society, determine (a) the market demand schedule on the assumption that the good is a private good, and (b) the collective demand schedule on the assumption that the good is a public good.

Instructions: Enter only whole numbers in the table below.

1-Which of the following increases the potential for self-control?

I need Paraphrase:

Mental health is an integral and essential component of health.
The WHO constitution states: "Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity."

Mental health is fundamental to our collective and individual ability as humans to think, emote, interact with each other, earn a living and enjoy life. On this basis, the promotion, protection and restoration of mental health can be regarded as a vital concern of individuals, communities and societies throughout the world.

1. Causes

There is no single cause for mental health disorders; instead, they can be caused by

a mixture of biological, psychological and environmental factors.

People who have a family history of mental health disorders may be more prone to developing one at some point.

Changes in brain chemistry from substance abuse or changes in diet can also cause mental disorders.

Psychological factors and environmental factors such as upbringing and social exposure can form the foundations for harmful thought patterns associated with mental disorders.

Only a certified mental health professional can provide an accurate diagnosis of the causes of a given disorder.

Images of violence are a constant presence on nightly news media. It is no longer an oddity as individuals worldwide reek vengeance and mayhem on the innocent. Many people say enough and that it must stop. We blame many factors for all the death and harm, but as yet there is no collective will to make changes necessary to stop it. There are individual and group efforts, as for example the parents at Sandy Hook school where a whole class of first graders were killed. We can blame psychopaths, troubled individuals, availability of guns and knives, and poor parenting. But what really is wrong? Philosophers have discussed this question for thousands of years and many suggest that humans are naturally brutish and aggressive. Some point to cultures which encourage male aggressiveness and violent behavior. While those people debate the why, we need to debate how it can be stopped. In the case of warfare, there are rules for the engagement of war and for conduct during a war. But for everyday living in a world of gangs and drugs, there are no rules. How do good citizens deal with citizens who are not.

What are some ideas that could offer us some hope to create a peaceful world?

Fanatically focusing on execution and brand. That’s how analysts describe the strategic approach of Warby Parker, a New York City eyewear startup that’s quickly disrupting the old-fashioned eyewear business. Co-founded in 2010 by David Gilboa and Neil Blumenthal (who are also now co-CEOs), Warby Parker has shown itself to be a fierce and successful competitor. Why? “One word, deliberate.” They are disciplined about their brand, but embrace and exploit technology in disrupting the staid and conservative way eyewear has traditionally been sold. So what does Warby Parker do?

To appreciate what Warby Parker is doing, we need to look back at how the idea for the company came about. After leaving a $700 pair of Prada frames in a seat-back pocket on a flight while backpacking in Southeast Asia, Gilboa began questioning why he had a $200 iPhone in his pocket that had the technology to do a number of really cool things and yet replacing that pair of glasses—a technology that’s hundreds of years old—would cost way more than that $200 iPhone.^{57 (Links to an external site.)} Like many other entrepreneurs, he believed there had to be a better way. His research exposed an industry that was a virtual monopoly with a very powerful eyewear supplier, thus the reason for the high-priced eyewear. Gilboa and a friend, who were both in Wharton’s MBA program, weren’t even sure they could take on such a powerful competitor until they teamed up with Blumenthal (also at Wharton). Blumenthal was rumored to know “more than pretty much anyone else in the world about how to work outside of the traditional eyeglass-supply chains.” Well, it didn’t take long for the crew to start selling eyewear online from a Philadelphia apartment.

Future Vision

Today, Warby Parker designs and manufactures its own trendy, stylish frames and sells them directly to consumers over the Internet for an affordable $95 a pair. That price also includes prescription lenses, shipping, and a donation to VisionSpring, a not-for-profit where Blumenthal served as a director. The company has begun opening brick-and-mortar stores, with 11 open currently. Other growth plans include expanding their product mix, diversifying their frame selection into areas such as kids’ frames and glasses with progressive lenses, and exploring revolutionary technologies that would do eye exams online. Warby Parker was named Fast Company’s Most Innovative Company of 2015 and was honored as a finalist in the 2014 USA Today Entrepreneur of the Year. Another thing Warby Parker does is its “Buy a Pair, Give a Pair” program, which benefits visually-impaired individuals in developing countries. Meanwhile, to carry on the company’s success, Gilboa and Blumenthal will continue being disciplined in all they do, fanatically focusing attention on execution and brand. That future vision should help Warby Parker continue on its successful journey.

1. What role do you think goals might play in planning for Warby Parker’s future? List some goals you think might be important. (Make sure these goals have the characteristics of well-written goals.)

2. What types of plans would be needed in an industry such as this one? (For instance, long-term or short-term, or both?)Explain why you think these plans would be important.

3. What contingency factors might affect the planning efforts of Warby Parker executives? How might those contingency factors affect the planning?