Nicotinamide dinucleotide (NAD) is a _____________ derived from ______________.

1. Solvent X is a dry blue substance with unknown properties. In an attempt to characterize substance X, you go to the lab, then add water and substance X to a beaker to make a solution. After mixing for 20 minutes, you notice an accumulation of blue particles still on the bottom of the beaker. You measure the pH, and determine that pH = 3. What can you deduce about substance X?

   	a.	It is nonpolar and basic
   	b.	It is polar and acidic
   	c.	It is polar and has a neutral pH
   	d.	It is nonpolar and acidic
   	e.	It is polar and basic

2. Which if the following plant types would most likely lead to the greatest genetic diversity from undergoing reproduction?

   	a.	The chances of genetic diversity are equally likely in both types of plants
   	b.	A plant that reproduces asexually
   	c.	A plant that reproduces sexually

1. By mistake, sterile distilled water is used as an intravenous (IV) solution. The Na+ concentration in water is 0% and the Na+ concentration intracellular (inside the red blood cell) is 0.9%. Is this a problem?

2. The genetic information is coded in DNA by:

3.Which statement about translation is wrong? (2 points)

Please show some simple explanation.

PKU is a rare, fully penetrant, autosomal recessive condition in which an affected individual cannot break down the amino acid phenylalanine. Neither Brian nor Mary has PKU, and they want to have children. They are concerned because Brian's father has PKU, and while neither of Mary's parents has PKU, her brother has PKU. Use symbols A and a.

1) What is the probability that Mary and Brian's first child will have PKU? Show work.
2) Mary and Brian have a child, and it does not have PKU. They decide to have a second child. Does knowing the phenotype of the first child cause you to change the probability you calculated in question 1 to predict the probability the next child will have PKU? If not, why?
3) Consider an alternate scenario where Mary and Brian have a child and it does have PKU. They decide to have another child. Does knowing the phenotype of the first child change the probability you calculated in 1 to predict the probability the next child will have PKU? If not, why?

Which of the following statements regarding Rab proteins is NOT true? A. Each of the over 60 known Rab protein is associated with one or more membrane- enclosed organelles. B. Rab proteins interact with a variety of effector proteins that facilitate vesicle transport, membrane tethering, and fusion C. Rab proteins directly catalyze membrane fusion by expelling water molecules from the lipid bilayer interface Answer _________

24. Changes in non-covalent interactions are critical for signal transduction, which of the following statements regarding these interactions is NOT true: A. they can influence the amino acid sequence of a protein B. they can influence enzymatic activity C. they can influence protein-protein interactions D. they can influence protein-DNA interactions and transcription E. they can influence protein conformation Answer _________

25. COPI- and COPII-coated vesicles are most frequently associated with: A. the endocytosis of plasma membrane proteins B. vesicles that mediate transport between the ER and Golgi C. caveolin proteins D. the formation of lipid rafts Answer _________

1: Compairing the sequences of the 16S and 18S rRNAs has placed living organisms into the foloowing three Domains:

(a) Archaea, Eucarya, Fungi

(b) Eucarya, Fungi, Protista

(c) Plants, Animals, Prokaryotes

(d) Plants, Animals, Protista

(e) Eucarya, Archaea, Bacteria

2: During photosynthesis the enzymes that synthesize carbohydrates are located in the chloroplast's:

(a) Grana

(b) Stroma

(c) Thylakoids

(d) Chloroplast envelope

(e) The lumen

3: What is the amino acid R-group for cysteine?

(a) -H

(b) -OH

(c) -SH

(d) An organic acid

(e) A non polar ring

4: Enzymes are transported to the lysosome from the TGN i versiclescoated with what Protein?

(a) COPII

(b) Dynamin

(c) Lysozyme

(d) Clathrin

(e) Acid phosphatase

5: when a mitochondrial chaperone helps a mitochondrial matrix protein into the matrix by biased diffusion, the chaperone is said to be acting as a(n):

(a) Unbiased diffuser

(b) Hammer

(c) Biased diffuser

(d) Screw driver

(e) Ratchet

Fully discuss the anatomy of a tRNA molecule. Touch on 1) how it attains its final shape as well as 2) all the parts of the molecule that play a role in translation.

Describe how tRNA molecules get linked together with the appropriate amino acid they carry .

Describe the detailed process of Initiation of translation in Eukaryotes.

Describe the detailed process of posttranslational modification, which is the modification of a newly-formed protein so that it can function properly.

Fully describe how integral membrane proteins are formed. Touch on 1) where they are manufactures as well as 2) what results in them becoming integral proteins instead of being injected into transport vesicles, and 3) what are some of the final destinations for these types of proteins.

Describe how mitochondrial and chloroplast proteins that are manufactured outside those organelles get to where they need to be inside those organelles. Touch on 1) How they get sent to those organelles in the first place and 2) how they get to the appropriate location within those organelles.

1. Arrange the following molecules from least to most specific with respect to the original nucleotide sequence: RNA, DNA, Amino Acid, Protein.

2. Identify two structural differences between DNA and RNA.

3. Suppose you are performing an experiment in which you must use heat to denature a double helix and create two single stranded pieces. Based on what you know about nucleotide bonding, do you think the nucleotides will all denature at the same time? Use scientific reasoning to explain why.

EXPERIMENT 1: CODING

1. Using the red, blue, yellow and green beads, devise and lay out a three color code (or codon) for each of the following letters (codon). For example Z = green : red : green.

• C:

• E:

• H:

• I:

• K:

• L:

• M:

• O:

• S:

• T:

• U

• Start:

• Stop:

• Space:

PLEASE LABEL WITH NUMBERS ON SIDE/ ALSO TYPE ANSWERS AS I CANT READ HANDWRITTEN ANSWERS

The four rules of ethical decision making are based on the philosophies of some of the most notable philosophers of the 19th century. What rule of ethical decision making asserted that human beings were not objects to be manipulated but instead had the right of free choice?

A Moral Rights Approach

B Post Conventional Ethics

C Values Based Ethics

D Normative Approach