When glucose is transported into liver cells, it is modified.

A. Name the type of modification to glucose. ________________________________________________________________________

B. In which part of liver cell does this modification occur? ________________________________________________________________________

C. Name the enzyme in liver cells responsible for this modification. ________________________________________________________________________

D. Name the enzyme in brain and muscle cells with the same activity. ________________________________________________________________________

E. What is the significance of this type of modification? ______________________________________________________

All code is done using Java. The steps to the question are as follows (There is more information in the code comments posted below as well):

1. Begin by deciding how many fields are required and what their types should be. Add these fields to your class (making sure that they each have a private access modifier) giving them a sensible name when you do so.
2. Once you have added the fields to your class, implement the methods getLevel and getWidth. The JUnit tester requires these methods to test the constructors and other methods.
3. Implement the constructor HounsfieldWindow(int level, int width) first. Make sure that it has the correct access modifier and signature.
4. Implement the no-argument constructor HounsfieldWindow() next. Use constructor chaining to implement this constructor.
5. Implement the remaining methods making sure that they each have the correct access modifier, signature, and return type.

Remember to run the JUnit tester each time you complete a constructor or method, and to carefully study the result of the tests to help you through the development process.

Code and comments given:

/**

* A class that represents a windowed view of Hounsfield units. A Hounsfield

* window is defined by two values: (1) the window level, and (2) the window

* width. The window level is the Hounsfield unit value that the window is

* centered on. The window width is the range of Hounsfield unit values that the

* window is focused on.

*

* <p>

* A window has a lower and upper bound. The lower bound is defined as the

* window level minus half the window width:

*

* <p>

* lo = level - (width / 2)

*

* <p>

* The upper bound is defined as the window level plus half the window width:

*

* <p>

* hi = level + (width / 2)

*

* <p>

* Hounsfield units are mapped by the window to a real number in the range of

* {@code 0} to {@code 1}. A Hounsfield unit with a value less than lo is mapped

* to the value {@code 0}. A Hounsfield unit with a value greater than hi is

* mapped to the value {@code 1}. A Hounsfield unit with a value v between lo

* and hi is mapped to the value:

*

* <p>

* (v - lo) / width

*

*

*/

public class HounsfieldWindow {

}

Researchers were interested in determining a new drug for reducing high blood pressure. They obtained a sample of volunteers for the study and randomly divided them into two groups, C and T. A single medical practitioner, Dr. Daring, agreed to help the researchers in this study following a protocol of three steps: (i) The blood pressure of each subject was measured by Dr. Daring; (ii) the new drug was administered to subjects in group T and a placebo to subjects in group C. (iii) after a determined amount of time, Dr. Daring measured the blood pressure of all the subjects again and provided all this information to the researchers. Only the researchers and Dr. Daring knew if a subject received the new drug or a placebo, but neither the subjects nor the rest of doctors and nurses in the hospital where the study was conducted knew this information. After some data analysis, the researchers concluded that in fact the new drug lowered high blood pressure in patients. Select all the statements that are true (if a statement is partially not correct, you should not select that option):

Group of answer choices

This is an observational study

This is a double-blind experiment

This is a randomized controlled experiment

This observational study is controlling for high vs low blood pressure subjects

There was at least one obvious way to make this a better experiment

There are no reasons to doubt the conclusions obtained

You have 3 dice. Dice A is a fair dice while Dice B and Dice C are not fair. The odd outcomes of Dice B are twice as likely as the even outcomes while the even outcomes of Dice C are twice as likely as the odd outcomes. Each dice is thrown 5,000 times independently and you will use Excel to simulate this experiment.

1. Plot the histograms of the outcome from each dice and also the sum of the outcomes from the 3 dice. Comment on the shape of the histograms. Briefly comment on the histograms for the 3 dice individually - whether they are consistent with the theoretical results. For the sum of the outcomes from 3 dice (sum = 3,4,5,...,18), describe the distribution of the sum.
2. Obtain the (empirical) probability distribution of the outcomes of the three dice in the form of a table. You can use Excel to construct this table.
3. A member in your group repeats this experiment using three fair dice. He concludes that the result in 1.2 is identical to the experiment using Dice A, B and C. Do you agree with him? Give reasons as why. You can either obtain the theoretical values of the probabilities or empirical probabilities (recommended) of the outcomes from throwing the 3 fair dice 5000 times. Then compare the probability distributions to see whether they look like each other.

Caroline Strömberg is a paleobotanist, studying of fossil plants. She hypothesized that some species of grass have evolved to accumulate silica in their tissues as a defense against herbivory.

1a. Describe how a species of grass "evolved to accumulate silica in their tissues," using Darwin's four postulates of natural selection (individual variation, heritability, over reproduction, the difference between generations).

1b. Describe the relative abundance and the relative position (in the sediment) of plant and animal fossils Dr. Strömberg is likely to observe if her observations support her hypothesis that "some species of grasses accumulate silica in their tissues as a defense against herbivory."

1c. Despite not being able to conduct experiments with fossils, many paleontologists conduct experiments using modern plant and animal species. Design an experiment (that you could conduct in modern-day) to test the hypothesis that the silica in some grass species is a defense against herbivory.

• Be sure to include a description of your variables (independent and dependent variables and which additional variables you will control for and why). In addition, justify your sample size and defend why you think your experiment is generalizable.

1d. Draw graphs showing the data you expect to see from your experiment. Label the axes, and include standard error bars.

QUESTION 2

1. Which causal criterion is established in an experiment by tests of statistical significance?

7.7 points   

QUESTION 3

1. What is the purpose of tests of statistical significance in an experiment?

7.7 points   

QUESTION 4

1. In a laboratory experiment on helping behavior, two variables are manipulated: (1) others’ presence (whether participants worked alone on a task or with others) and (2) type of task (whether participants were timed or untimed on the task). The dependent measure is the number of seconds between someone’s request for help and the participant’s response. What type of experimental design is this?

7.7 points   

QUESTION 5

1. In comparison with laboratory experiments, field experiments

QUESTION 2

1. Which causal criterion is established in an experiment by tests of statistical significance?

7.7 points   

QUESTION 3

1. What is the purpose of tests of statistical significance in an experiment?

7.7 points   

QUESTION 4

1. In a laboratory experiment on helping behavior, two variables are manipulated: (1) others’ presence (whether participants worked alone on a task or with others) and (2) type of task (whether participants were timed or untimed on the task). The dependent measure is the number of seconds between someone’s request for help and the participant’s response. What type of experimental design is this?

7.7 points   

QUESTION 5

1. In comparison with laboratory experiments, field experiments

In North America many birds die because they collide with windows of high-rise buildings. One possible solution to resolve the problem is to construct windows angled down slightly toward the ground, so that they reflect the ground rather than an image of the sky to flying bird. An experiment compared the number of birds that died as a result of vertical windows, windows angled 20° of vertical and windows angled 40° off vertical. The angles were randomly assigned with equal probability to six windows and changed daily. Window shape, color and other external characteristics were kept identical. Window locations matched the same location characteristics in terms of ground and sky.

• What other conditions need to be kept identical in this experiment to avoid influencing the results?
• Over the course of the experiment 30 birds were killed by windows in the vertical orientation, 15 were killed by windows set at 20° off vertical and 8 birds were killed by windows set at 40° of vertical. Do birds appear to hit high-rise building windows at random and die?
• Now answer the following question: Do the data support the assumption that window angles relative to the vertical do not change bird death rates from as a result of collision with a window of a high-rise building?

An experiment was conducted to study growth characteristics of 8 different provenances (regions of natural occurrence) of Gmelina arborea (a tree native to southern Asia). There are three plots available for planting, so one tree of each provenance is planted in each plot. The response variable is the diameter of each tree (in centimeters) at breast height (1.4 meters above ground).

What type of design is being used in this experiment?

Perform the appropriate analysis to evaluate the differences in mean diameter at breast height of the eight provenances.

Which provenance(s), if any, has (have) largest mean diameter at breast height?

Comment on the effectiveness of the design in increasing the efficiency of the experiment.

1.The Cu2+ ions in this experiment are produced by the reaction of 1.0g of copper turnings with excess nitric acid. How many moles of Cu2+ are produced?

2. Why isn't hydrochloric acid used in a direct reaction with copper to prepare the CuCl2 solution?

3. How many grams of metallic copper are required to react with the number of moles of Cu2+ calculated in Problem 1 to form the CuCl? The overall reaction can be taken to be: Cu2+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq) + Cu(s) -----> 2CuCl(s)

4. What is the maximum mass of CuCl that can be prepared from the reaction sequence of this experiment, using 1.0g of Cu turnings to prepare the Cu2+ solution?

5. A sample of the compound prepared in this experiment , weighing 0.1021g, is dissolved in HNO3, and diluted to a volume of 100 ml. A 10ml aliquot of that solution is mixed with 10 mL 6M NH3. The [Cu(Nh3)4]2+ in the resulting solution is found to be 5.16 x 10^-3 M.

a. How many moles of Cu were in the original sample, which had been effectively diluted to a volume of 200 mL.

b. How many grams of Cu were in the sample?

c. How many grams of Cl were in the sample? How many moles?

d. What is the formula of the copper chloride compound?