State and explain all the 45 Accounting Standard

Can you confirm, within measurement errors, that the period is proportional to the square root of the length ` of pendulum, and that it is independent of the mass m of the bob? Explain what frequency and period mean in your own words. Also, think about conservation of mechanical energy during the oscillation: when is the kinetic energy maximal, when is it minimum? How about the potential energy? Explain how “conservation of mechanical energy” is manifest in oscillation of simple pendulum.

A potential investor is seeking to invest $750,000 in a venture, which currently has 1,000,000 shares held by its founders, and is targeting a 45% per annum return for the next five years. The venture is expected to produce $1,000,000 in income per year at year 5. It is known that a similar venture recently produced $2,000,000 in income and sold shares to the public for $15,000,000.

a. What is the percent ownership of our venture that must be sold in order to provide the venture investor’s target return?

b. What is the number of shares that must be issued to the new investor in order for the investor to earn his target return?

c. What is the issue price per share?

d. What is the pre-money valuation?

e. What is the post-money valuation?

Make sure you specifically include a section in your submission that clearly states your answer to each question. I will not hunt through your spreadsheets or calculations to find your answers. If possible, please try to include only one document in your submission and please do not use embedded spreadsheets if you use a word document. Please label your assignment using our assignment labeling convention. Each question is worth three points.

Girl Scout Cookies and the Snack Tax

State sales taxes often exempt food purchased for at-home consumption to help relieve regressivity. However, that exemption causes substantial loss of revenue. Furthermore, some people question the nutritional value of certain items exempted under the food label and doubt the wisdom of losing revenue in a tax structure to provide relief to such purchases. In difficult fiscal times in the early 1990's, a few states sought additional revenue by narrowing the food exemption, particularly by removing some of these questionable categories from the exempt list. These new laws and their enforcement have produced policy problems testing the resolve of the legislators and tax administration.

In the 1991 legislative session, Maine passed a package of tax changes designed to increase revenues by $300 million annually. (Total tax collections in fiscal 1990 were $1,560.9 million.) thee changes included higher income taxes, an increase in the state sales and use tax rate from 5 to 6 percent, and a revision to remove snack food from the "sales of grocery staples" category, which was then exempt from the state sales and use tax. The new law was estimated to yield $10 million annually. The new law taxed snack food, as defined by the legislature.

14-C. "Snack food." Snack food means any item that is ordinarily sold for consumption without further preparation or that requires for preparation other than combining the item with a liquid; that may be stored unopened without refrigeration, except that ice cream, ice milk, frozen yogurt, and sherbet are snack foods; that is not generally considered a major component of a well-balanced meal; and that is not defined in this section as a grocery stable. "Snack food" includes, but it not limited to, corn chips, potato chips, processed fruit snacks, fruit rolls, fruit bars, popped popcorn, pork rinds, pretzels, cheese sticks and cheese puffs, granola bars, breakfast bars, bread sticks, roasted nuts, doughnuts, cookies, crackers, pastries, toaster pastries, croissants, cakes, pies, ice cream cones, marshmallows, marshmallow creme, flavored powdered liquid drink mixes or drinks, ice cream sauces, pudding, beef jerky, meat bars and dips. (36 Maine Revised Statues 1752 [1992].

The lawmakers soon dissevered that the expansion of the sales and use tax base had some unexpected consequences, particularly with he regard to the finances of Girl Scouts. Two councils, the Abnake and Kennebec, served about 19,500 girls in Maine, and 60 to 65 percent of their revenues came from cookie sales. Because neither council was qualified to purchase inventory for resale as a registered reatiler, and then charge sales tax on each transaction, the councils now had to pay tax on their cookie purchases. That amounted to around $58,000 or almost 2 percent of cookie revenue (they paid tax on the wholesale price of about 80 cents per box).

The two councils responded differently to the new tax. Abnaki raised its cookie prices from $2.25 to $2.50, but sales fell 7 percent from the prior year. Kennebec lacked sufficient time to react, so it had to absorb about $40,000 in cookie losses. However, neither council thought the new tax was fair. Jo Stevens, executive director of the Abnaki Council, voiced the general view: "We're not selling groceries. We're raising charitable contributions." Of course, the problem for sales tax policy was, indeed, because they weren't selling groceries.

The Joint Taxation Committee was generally sympathetic. Its co-chair, Senator Stephen Bost said, "We had not intended as a committee to include... Girl Scouts in the snack tax." However, proposed legislation to exempt Girl Scout and related organizations (including the pre-popped popcorn sold by Boy Scouts) would cause a revenue loss of around $175,000 annually, and the state had no clear way to name it up. (Incidentally, candy had been taxed for some time, but candy sales by school groups and parent-teacher organizations are exempt.)

Discussion Question:

What should Maine do? Here are some options (1) do nothing - the tax is working as it should; (2) direct the Bureau of Taxation to rewrite the institution; (3) repeal the snack tax; (4) exempt sales and purchases by the Girl Scouts and similar organizations; (5) require the Girl Scouts to register as retail merchants, buy their cookies using the resale exemption, and collect sales tax on their cookie sales; and (6) exempt sales and/or purchases by all youth or charitable organizations. (You may think of other possibilities.) Use the standards for revenue policy evaluation (yield, fairness, economic effect, and collectability) to test options and provide a recommendation. Explain which approach is most consistent with the logic of sales taxation. Which parties would have an interest in the eventual outcome of the discussion? What is your overall view of the snack tax, without respect to the Girl Scout issue?

#1

Grinner and Greeter, CPAs, were engaged to perform an audit of the financial statements of Happy, Inc. Happy's management would not allow Grinner and Greeter to confirm any of the accounts receivable. All other auditing procedures were performed as considered necessary by Grinner and Greeter and no issues were encountered. However, Grinner and Greeter were unable to satisfy themselves with regard to the balance in accounts receivable.

Tick and Tie, CPAs, were performing their annual audit of Johnson Manufacturing Company. Johnson is currently being sued for $2,000,000 related to an alleged defective product that they sold to a customer. Johnson's legal counsel has told Tick and Tie that it is probable that Johnson will lose the suit and have to pay the entire $2,000,000. Johnson's management has included information in the footnotes about the lawsuit. However, they have not recorded any loss or liability in the income statement or balance sheet.

Required:

For each of the independent situations presented above, state what type of opinion should be issued on the company's financial statements. Briefly explain your rationale. Finally, state which paragraphs, if any, of the standard report would be modified.

Is there a linear relationship between the age at which a child first begins to speak and the child’s later mental ability? A study was conducted in which the age (in months) at which a child spoke their first words and the score on an aptitude test as a teenager were recorded: PLEASE SHOW WORK

1. State the null and alternative hypotheses and the level of significance you intend to use.

Ho: P=0

H1: P¹0

a=0.05

2. Write the equation for the appropriate test statistic.

3. What is your decision rule? Be sure to include the degrees of freedom, if appropriate.

DF=10-2=8
Reject the null hypothesis if r > 0.632 or r < -0.632

4. Compute the test statistic by hand.
   

5. What is your conclusion about the null hypothesis and the research question? Be sure to comment on the magnitude and direction of the association.

Please explain in detail why it is right or wrong?

1. Subject 5 is a 21 year old Boise State student who has the following values at baseline: PaO2 54 mm Hg, PaCO2 = 60 mm Hg while breathing FIO2 = 0.21 @ PB = 690 mm Hg. A Respiratory Therapist administers additional oxygen with an FIO2 = 0.4. Identify whether each of the following are correct or incorrect.

a. At baseline, the PaCO2 is within normal limits

b. At baseline, the PaO2 is within normal limits

c. At baseline, the value for PaO2 explained by hypoventilation alone

d. The a/A ratio is consistent with low V/Q or shunting

e. Administration of oxygen will result in a decrease in PaCO2 proportional to the increase in PaO2

f. Administration of 40% oxygen would be expected to result in a PAO2 = 257 mm Hg

2. Subject 6 has the following values: FIO2 = 0.7, PaO2 250 mm Hg, Hb 6 g/dl, SVO2 = 50%, CO = 6 lpm, PaCO2 = 35 mm Hg. Estimate the SaO2 and PVO2 using the normal oxyhemoglogin dissociation curve, and identify whether each of the following is correct or incorrect.

a. The subject has low V/Q

b. The SaO2 = 100%

c. The PVO2 = 26 mm Hg

d. The oxygen consumption is about 280 ml/minute

e. The subject must be exercising

f. Dissolved CO2 = 0.105 meQ/L