Sociological Imagination

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Apply the sociological imagination to any of the following U.S. social problems to explain why your chosen problem exists. In your response, you must thoroughly describe at least two explanations that are in the context of the sociological imagination. Make sure you demonstrate correct knowledge of this concept and your ability to critically apply the concept to your chosen problem:

a) Why does the U.S. have some of the highest rates of obesity in the world?
b) Why has the U.S. violent crime rate declined over time?
c) Why are racial/ethnic minority women in the U.S. more likely to experience premature births?
d) Why is the U.S. one of the most religiously diverse countries in the world?
e) Why do U.S. boys tend to outscore girls on standardized tests if girls' school performance is better than that of boys?

In how many ways can 3 men, 4 women, 5 boys, and 3 girls be selected from 7 men, 9 women, 6 boys and 8 girls if

a. no restrictions are imposed,

b. a particular man and woman must be selected?

12) Parents of teenage boys often complain that auto insurance costs more, on average, for teenage boys than for teenage girls. A group of concerned parents examines a random sample of insurance bills. The mean annual cost for 36 teenage boys was $670. For 23 teenage girls, it was $564. From past years, it is known that the population standard deviation for each group is $180. Determine whether or not you believe that the mean cost for auto insurance for teenage boys is greater than that for teenage girls. Conduct a hypothesis test at the 5% level.

Part (a)

State the distribution to use for the test. (Round your answers to two decimal places.)

Xboys − Xgirls ~ ( , )

Part (b) What is the test statistic? (If using the z distribution round your answer to two decimal places,

Part (c)

What is the p-value? (Round your answer to four decimal places.)

(ii) Explain what the p-value means for this problem.

a)If H0 is false, then there is a chance equal to the p-value that the sample average annual cost of insurance for boys is at least $106 more than the sample average cost for girls.

b)If H0 is true, then there is a chance equal to the p-value that the sample average annual cost of insurance for boys is $106 less than the sample average cost for girls.    

c)If H0 is true, then there is a chance equal to the p-value that the sample average annual cost of insurance for boys is at least $106 more than the sample average cost for girls.

d)If H0 is false, then there is a chance equal to the p-value that the sample average annual cost of insurance for boys is $106 less than the sample average cost for girls.

Part (d)

Sketch a picture of this situation. Label and scale the horizontal axis and shade the region(s) corresponding to the p-value.

1. In October 2000, the U.S. Department of Commerce reported the results of a large-scale survey on high school graduation. Researchers contacted more than 25,000 Americans aged 24 years to see if they had finished high school; 83.9% of the 12,460 males and 87.8% of the 12,678 females indicated that they had high school diplomas.

a. Are the assumptions and conditions necessary for inference satisfied? Explain.

b. Create a 95% confidence interval for the difference in graduation rates between males and females.

c. Interpret your confidence interval.

d. Does this provide strong evidence that girls are more likely than boys to complete high school? Explain.

Probability theory and the binomial expansion show that, were you to sample families consisting of four children 1/16 of these families would consist of 4 boys, 4/16 would consist of 3 boys and 1 girl, 6/16 would consist of 2 boys and 2 girls, 4/16 would consist of 1 boy and 3 girls, and 1/16 would consist of 4 girls. Do the data in the sample given in the next table approximate this expectation? Complete the table, calculate X², and answer the questions based on your calculations.

A. interpret this X² value, you have __________ degrees of freedom.

b. In this case do you accept/reject the hypothesis that these data approximate a dihybrid test cross ratio with independent assortment?a. In interpreting this X² value, you have _____ dregrees of freedom.

c. What is the probability that the deviations are due to chance alone?

D. Determine whether the overall ratio of boys to girls in the above data is consistent with the hypothesis of a 50:50 sex ratio. Remember that each family included in the table consists of four children; for example, 235 families consisted of 4 boys, 898 families consisted of 3 boys and 1 girl, and 1317 families consisted of 2 boys and 2 girls. Calculate X² for these data by completing the following table:

E. Accept/Reject ________; df=_____________; P=___________

F. Calculate the ratio of boys to girls; record here:

G. How have biologists explained sex ratio data such as those observed in this problem?

Please explain the steps...... Thanks

1. A class has 15 girls and 10 boys. The teacher wants to form an unordered pair consisting
of 1 girl and 1 boy. How many ways are there to form such a pair?

2. For the same setup (i.e. class of 15 girls and 10 boys), the teacher wants to form an
unordered group of 3, consisting of 2 girls and 1 boy. How many ways are there to form
such a group?

3. For the same setup (i.e. class of 15 girls and 10 boys), assume the teacher now wants to
form an ordered group of 3, consisting of 2 girls and 1 boy (e.g., think of each student
having a different task, so their order, i.e. who does what, matters). How many ways
are there to form such a group?

According to the Chicago Boys, why did the Shock Therapy supported by the Pinochet government and the Chicago Boys succeeded in making Chile one of the highest income countries in Latin America?

The data can find in potuse (faraway package).

The national Youth Survey collected a sample of 11-17 year-olds with 117 boys and 120 girls, asking questions about marijuana usage. This data is actually longitudinal – the same boys and girls are followed for five years. However, for the purposes of this question, imagine that the data is cross-sectional, that is, a different sample of boys and girls are sampled each year. Build a model for the different levels of marijuana usage, describing the trend over time and the difference between the sexes.

USE R CODE and interpret

You wish to see if boys have a higher average math SOL score than girls. A random sample of 217 boys showed an average math SOL score of 478.26 with a standard deviation of 22.95. A random sample of 260 girls showed an average math score of 474.23 and a standard deviation of 22.18. Does this show, at significance level .05, that boys have a higher average math SOL score than girls?

A: Are the assumptions met?

B:What are the hypotheses?

C:What is the test statistic?

D:What is the p-value?

E:What is your conclusion?

The authors of a paper concluded that more boys than girls listen to music at high volumes. This conclusion was based on data from independent random samples of 770 boys and 749 girls from a country, age 12 to 19. Of the boys, 397 reported that they almost always listen to music at a high volume setting. Of the girls, 331 reported listening to music at a high volume setting. Do the sample data support the authors' conclusion that the proportion of the country's boys who listen to music at high volume is greater than this proportion for the country's girls? Test the relevant hypotheses using a 0.01 significance level. (Use a statistical computer package to calculate the P-value. Use pboys − pgirls. Round your test statistic to two decimal places and your P-value to four decimal places.) z = P-value =