1.     Which of the following is true of variables?

QUESTION 2

When evaluating causal claims, which of the following questions assesses internal validity?

QUESTION 3

RESEARCH STUDY 3.4: Dr. Chang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory. He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants at his university. He puts the names of all the participants in a hat. The first 20 names he assigns to Group A and the last 20 he assigns to Group B. Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content (e.g., passion, murder). Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content (e.g., houseplant, desk). He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university. He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B.
Which of the following is the independent variable in Dr. Kang’s study?

QUESTION 4

An association claim is made by which of the following statements?

QUESTION 5

Dr. Hadden wants to conduct a study that will allow her to make claims that apply to all college students. Which of the following validities is she prioritizing?

QUESTION 6

RESEARCH STUDY 3.3: Jose and his friends are discussing a study he read about in his developmental psychology class. In the study, the researcher made the claim that most middle school students who are bullied have low self-esteem. Clarissa questions the study, saying, “I am not sure that I am convinced. I am not sure you can really measure being bullied.” Quinn also questions the study, saying, “Which middle school students did they study? I am curious if they included both private and public school students.” Manish also is curious about the study, asking, “I wonder how strong the relationship is between bullying and self-esteem. Could you predict one from the other?”
Clarissa’s concern is addressing which of the following?

QUESTION 7

Luke wants to make a causal claim in his dissertation. Which of the following is necessary?

QUESTION 8

A common finding in the study of aggression is that exposure to television is associated with increased aggressive behavior in children. You are curious as to whether peer pressure is really to blame (peer pressure encourages you to watch television and peer pressure encourages you to be aggressive). You are questioning which of the following criteria of causation?

QUESTION 9

RESEARCH STUDY 3.5: Alison reads the following headline on an online article: “If You’re Sexist, People Will Think You’re Racist, and Vice Versa.” (This headline is based on a study conducted by Sanchez and colleagues, 2017.) This study found that members of stigmatized groups are threatened by prejudice directed at other stigmatized groups. Their results showed that White women can be threatened by racism, and men of color threatened by sexism, and that these perceptions made participants expect unfair treatment.
The results of this study can be generalized to which of the following groups?

QUESTION 10

RESEARCH STUDY 3.2: Dr. Incera makes the following claim: “Watching television leads people to spend less time communicating with their spouses, study says.” Dr. LaSalle makes the claim: “Research shows that making more money correlates with spending less time talking with your spouse.”
Which type of claim is Dr. Incera making?

2. A spacecraft of initial mass M (including the mass of the fuel) is at rest in the solar system, preparing to disembark on a grand mission to Alpha Centauri. Its engines work by combining matter and antimatter and directing the hard gamma rays that result out the spacecraft’s rear. The engines fire for a brief time, bringing the ship’s speed to v = 0.95 with respect to the solar system. a) What is the rest mass m of the ship after the engines have fired, expressed as a fraction of M? [Hint: Treat the gamma-ray exhaust as a giant photon.] b) Once the ship reaches Alpha Centauri, it must decelerate to a stop by firing its engines again. What will the ship’s total initial mass M have to be if the ship’s empty mass is m0 when it comes to a stop at Alpha Centauri? (Express your result as a multiple of m0, and treat the exhaust when stopping as another giant photon.) c) What would the ratio be in order to make a round trip? This means accelerating to v = 0.95, traveling to Alpha Centauri, coming to a stop, then accelerating back to v = 0.95, travelling back to Earth and finally coming to a stop again, all without refuelling.

A fisherman sets out upstream on a river. His small boat, powered by an outboard motor, travels at a constant speed v in still water. The water flows at a lower constant speed vw. The fisherman has traveled upstream for 2.00 km when his ice chest falls out of the boat. He notices that the chest is missing only after he has gone upstream for another15.0 min. At that point, he turns around and heads back downstream, all the time traveling at the same speed relative to the water. He catches up with the floating ice chest just as he returns to his starting point. How fast is the river flowing? Solve this problem in two ways. (a) First, use the Earth as a reference frame. With respect to the Earth, the boat travels upstream at speed v - vw and downstream at

v + vw. (b) A second much simpler and more elegant solution is obtained by using the water as the reference frame. This approach has important applications in many more complicated problems; examples are calculating the motion of rockets and satellites and analyzing the scattering of subatomic particles from massive targets.

In a galvanic cell, one half-cell consists of a lead strip dipped into a 1.00 M solution of Pb(NO₃)₂. In the second half-cell, solid neodymium is in contact with a 1.00 M solution of Nd(NO₃)₃. Pb is observed to plate out as the galvanic cell operates, and the initial cell voltage is measured to be 2.197 V at 25°C.


(a) Write balanced equations for the half-reactions at the anode and the cathode. Show electrons as e^-. Use the smallest integer coefficients possible and the pull-down boxes to indicate states. If a box is not needed, leave it blank.

Half-reaction at anode (do not multiply by factor):

Half-reaction at cathode (do not multiply by factor):

(b) Calculate the standard reduction potential of a Nd³⁺|Nd half-cell. The standard reduction potential of the Pb²⁺|Pb electrode is -0.126 V.

---------- V

Consider a simple electrical circuit where you charge a capacitor through a resistor by connecting a battery (closing the switch) at time t=0.

The charge Q on the capacitor is related to the current I by dQ/dt=I. Furthermore, by Kirchhoff’s law, V – RI – Vc =0, and the charge Q on the capacitor is Q=CVc, where C is the capacitance. That can be combined to give the differential equation

dQ/dt = V/R - Q/RC

The analytic solution is Q(t)=CV(1 – exp(-t/(RC)). Write a MATLAB code that solves the differentia equation with the Euler forward method, Predictor-Corrector method, and Runge Kutta 4th Order. Use values of 1F for the capacitor, 10 Ohm for the resistor, and 10 V for the battery. Run the code from 0 to 10 seconds. Use values for dt of 1.0, 0.1, and 0.01. For each of the runs calculate the percentage error at the end, and make a table of the errors. Discuss and submit the table and only the first plot for Euler/dt=1. Which dt and how many step do you need with each of the methods to achieve an accuracy of better than 0.01%?

V. S. Yogurt is considering two possible expansion plans. Proposal A involves opening 10 stores in northern California at a total cost of $3,150,000. Under another strategy, Proposal B, V. S. Yogurt would focus on southern California and open six stores for a total cost of $2,500,000. Selected data regarding the two proposals have been assembled by the controller of V. S. Yogurt as follows.

Required:
a. For each proposal, compute the following. Assume discounted at management's required rate of return of 15 percent. Use Exhibits 26-3 and 26-4 where necessary.

(1) Payback period
(2) Return on average investment
(3) Net present value
b. On the basis of your analysis in part a, state which proposal you would recommend.

1. How do apparent (ostensible) authority and actual authority differ? What effect does this have on a corporation’s liability?

See 7.18.  

In Freeman v Lockyer [1964] 2 QB 480 (upheld by the Australian High Court in Crabtree-Vickers Pty Ltd v Australian Direct Advertising & Addressing Co Pty Ltd (1975) 133 CLR 72), the difference between actual and ostensible authority was discussed:

• Actual authority is a legal relationship between the principal and an agent, created by an agreement between themselves, of which the contractor may be ignorant, although contractual rights and liabilities will be created between the principal and the contractor.

• Apparent or ostensible authority is a legal relationship between the principal and the contractor created by a representation made by the principal to the contractor, which is intended to be and is in fact acted on by the contractor, that the agent has the authority to enter into contracts on behalf of the principal. This then will render the principal liable to perform the obligations arising under the contract.

The company is liable in case of actual authority. It may also be liable in case of ostensible authority when three elements discussed in Freeman v Lockyer [1964] 2 QB 480 are present.

Consider the following capital budgeting and cash flow estimation problem. You have developed a new energy drink that uses various vegetables. The drink is called V-DRINK. You have an existing building that you are using to produce V-DRINK. The building is fully depreciated. You determine a need to buy $400,000 in equipment. Shipping and installation is an additional $50,000. Additionally you determine you will need to have $16,995 in inventory. What is the total initial outlay associated with the project?

The equipment cost (equipment plus shipping and installation) can be depreciated at the rate of 32% the first year. The remaining 5 years (years 2-6) the depreciation will be equal to $30,000 per year. What is the amount of depreciation in year 1?

Based on some market research you expect to sell around 200,000 bottles of V-Drink a year at wholesale price of $1.9. Operating costs (excluding depreciation) are expected to be 50% of revenue. The firms tax rate is 40%. What is the annual operating cash flow associated with this project in year 2. (Note you will need to factor in $30,000 in depreciation in year 2 from the prior question).

Suppose the straight-line distance between New York and San Francisco is 4.1 × 106 m (neglecting the curvature of the earth). A UFO is flying between these two cities at a speed of 0.68c relative to the earth. What do the voyagers aboard the UFO measure for this distance?

The total energy of an object is 7.86 × 10¹² J, and its kinetic energy is 6.00 × 10¹² J. What is the mass m of the object?

A radar antenna is rotating and makes one revolution every 25 s, as measured on earth. However, instruments on a spaceship moving with respect to the earth at a speed v measure that the antenna makes one revolution every 45 s. What is the ratio v/c of the speed v to the speed c of light in a vacuum?

As observed on earth, a certain type of bacteria is known to double in number every 24 hours. Two cultures of these bacteria are prepared, each consisting initially of one bacterium. One culture is left on earth and the other placed on a rocket that travels at a speed of 0.932c relative to the earth. At a time when the earthbound culture has grown to 16 bacteria, how many bacteria are in the culture on the rocket, according to an earth-based observer?