Black body (b) and purple eye (pr) are recessive autosomal mutations in Drosophila. Bridges crossed b/b females and pr/pr males. F2 cross produced 684 wild-type, 371 black-bodied, and 300 purple-eyes flies. Do these result indicate that the b and pr genes are closely linked? Explain. Remember that there is no crossing over in male Drosophila

What new technologies were important in the history of bridges?

Why did the Romans use elevated aqueducts instead of pipes to convey their water?

Which of the Grand Challenges for the 21st century do you believe is most important? why? which challenge do you believe to be the least important? why? what challenges do you believe should be added to the list why?

1. a) Huygens' Principle. Pick a type of propagation of waves that light rays don't exhibit. Several to pick in the notes. On a sheet of paper, graph the starting wavefront of your choice, and continue with the Huygens' Principle construction of at least 4 additional wavefronts. Does it look like the wave movement can not be described as a ray?

b) Name and describe one of the three processes mentioned that allow you to calculate intensity profile on a viewing screen behind a single slit screen.

c) You perform two experiments with a given laser: First with a single slit of width 1 mμ, and the other with two very narrow slits spaced also by 1 mμ. The viewing screen is two meters away. What will be larger, the width of the central maximum in the single-slit experiment, or the distance between the central maximum and the neighboring maximum in the double-slit experiment? Explain.

d) A pinhole camera is a closed cube that has a pinhole in the center of the front wall and a film on the back wall. If the side of the cube is 10 cm, how wide should the pinhole be for camera not to exhibit significant diffraction effects?

e) What was the principal equipment used in the Michelson-Morley experiment, and what was the conclusion of the experiment?

Consider a concentration cell. Two Ag-electrodes are immersed in AgNO3 solutions of different concentrations. When the two compartments have an AgNO3-concentration of 1 M and 0.1 M, respectively, the measured voltage is 0.065 V (note: T in not necessarily = 25°C !).

a. What is the voltage, if the two compartments have AgNO3-concentration of 1 M and 0.01 M, respectively?

The electrochemical behavior of silver nanoclusters (Agn, with n the number of Ag atoms in the cluster) is investigated using the following electrochemical cells at 298 K:
I. Ag(s) | AgCl (saturated) || Ag+(aq, 0.01M) | Ag(s), E=0.170
II. (Pt electrode) Agn (s, nanocluster) | Ag+(aq, 0.01M) || AgCl (saturated) | Ag(s), with E = +1.030 V for Ag5 nanocluster and E = +0.430 V for Ag10 nanocluster

The standard reduction potential for Ag+ + e- → Ag, is E0 = +0.800 V.

b. Use this data to calculate the solubility product of AgCl.

The two nanoclusters Ag5 and Ag10-nanoclusters have standard potentials different from the potential of metallic bulk silver.

c. Calculate the standard potentials of Ag5 and of Ag10 nanoclusters. [for this part use Ksp(AgCl)=1.800·10-5; this is not the same value as calculated in b.]

d. What happens, if you put the Ag10 nanoclusters and – in a second experiment – the Ag5 nanoclusters into an aqueous solution of pH=5? Estimate the consequences using the reduction potentials you calculated.

• Create “New Class…” named Book to store the details of a book
• Declare 3 fields for the details of the book:
• field named author of type String
• field named title of type String
• field named callNumber of type String
• Add overloaded constructors with the following headers and make sure each constructor has only 1 statement in the body that makes an internal method call to setBookDetails:

1. public Book(String author, String title, String callNumber)
2. public Book(String author, String title)

HINT: Initialize the callNumber field to an empty String in #2 constructor

• Add accessor method getAuthor to return the author field
• Add accessor method getTitle to return the title field
• Add accessor method getCallNumber to return callNumber field
• Add accessor method getBookDetails to return a String in the format:

“<title> :   <author> (<callNumber>)”

HINT: Complete with ONLY 1 line of code using String concatenation

• Add mutator method setBookDetails with the following header to will initialize the fields to these parameters of the same name:

      public void setBookDetails(String author, String title, String callNumber)                    

NOTE: Use method call getBookDetails where the details of a book are needed (i.e. when listing/printing books or supplying information about a particular book)

• Create “New Class…” named Genre to store a group of books
• Import all necessary Java package library classes
• Declare 2 fields for each genre:
• field named genreName of type String
• field named books of type ArrayList of Book
• Write a constructor (with the following header) to initialize BOTH fields

public Genre(String genreName)

HINT: Make sure you instantiate a new books ArrayList object

• Add accessor method getGenreName to return the genreName field
• Add accessor getGenreBooks to return the books field
• Add accessor getNumberOfGenreBooks returning # of items in the books
• Add a method (with header below) to check if an index is valid in books

public boolean bookIndexValid(int index)

HINT: First make sure books collection is NOT null or empty

• Overload method addGenreBook (with the following headers) to add a new book to the genre using the ArrayList .add method

1. public void addGenreBook(Book book)
2. public void addGenreBook(String author,String title,String callNumber)

HINT: Make sure you create a new Book object in #2

• Add method to return the index (or –1, if not found) of the FIRST book in ArrayList books that EXACTLY matches a particular callNumber

public int findGenreBookWithCallNumber(String callNumber)

• Use 2 local variables (index and searching) along with a while loop
• (Only after ENTIRE search loop is completed - thus, outside of loop)    Check (using searching) if match was found, to determine the return value
• (At some point) Print formatted book details (if found) or error (if not found)

• Add method to remove ONLY the FIRST book in books matching callNumber:

public void removeGenreBookWithCallNumber(String callNumber)                                                               

• MUST 1^st use findGenreBookWithCallNumber( ) to find index of callNumber
• if bookIndexValid( ) of the returned index, then perform removal using the index and then print formatted output “Removing: <book details>”
• else print "NO book with call number: <callNumber>”

HINT: MUST NOT use any type of loops at all

• Add method to remove ALL items in books matching a particular author

public void removeAllGenreBooksByAuthor(String author)                                                            

• MUST use Iterator and while loop to search through the books ArrayList
• Remove book if author EXACTLY matches (without case-sensitivity)
• MUST print book details for EACH removed or 1 error output (if not found)

HINT: MUST use .remove method from Iterator to ensure proper removals

• Add method void listAllGenreBooks( ) to print out ALL items in books
• if books ArrayList is empty, print ”NO books to print”
• else print heading “<genreName> BOOKS:” and use for-each to print each Book’s book details with leading “ <spaces>” on its own line
• Add void listGenreBooksByAuthor(String author) to print ALL author matches
• Always print heading: “<genreName> BOOKS BY AUTHOR <author>:”
• Use for-each and String.equalsIgnoreCase( ) to check every book in books to find author matches to print their book details with leading “ <spaces>”

(Only after ENTIRE search loop is completed - thus, outside of loop)    Check if NO match found, then print ”NO books by author: <author>”

• Create “New Class…” Library for a group of genres and a book of the week
• Import all necessary Java package library classes
• Declare 2 fields for each library:
• field named bookOfTheWeek of type Book
• field named genres of type ArrayList of Genre
• Write a constructor with header public Library( ) to initialize both fields

HINT: Include instantiation of a new genres ArrayList object AND initialize bookOfTheWeek to either null or use (optional) pickBookOfTheWeek( )

• Add method int getNumberOfTotalBooks to return the TOTAL number of books in the ENTIRE library (include ALL genres) or 0 if there are NO books

HINT: MUST use for-each loop and call to getNumberOfGenreBooks( )

• Overload method addGenre (with the following headers) to add a new genre to the library using the ArrayList .add method:

1. public void addGenre(Genre genre)                                                                         
2. public void addGenre(String genreName)

HINT: MUST create and use a new Genre anonymous object in #2.

• Add method void removeGenre(String genreName) to remove the FIRST genre ONLY in ArrayList genres matching the genreName search parameter                                 

HINT: MUST use Iterator to help get the genre to remove it and also include any formatted output detailing the removal or an error message (if not found)

• Add method void listAllGenres( ) to print out ALL genreNames in genres with a heading format: “THE GENRE NAMES:” (or error msg if NO genres)

HINT: Use for-each and print formatted genre info with leading spaces “     ”

• Add method void listAllLibraryBooks( ) to print out ALL books in ALL genres in the ENTIRE library                                               

HINT: First check using getNumberOfTotalBooks that the library has books and print error message if there are NO books in the entire library

HINT: MUST use Iterator and listAllGenreBooks to help print the books for each genre (Yes, I know it’s possible w/o an Iterator, BUT you MUST use it !!!)

Add method void printBookOfTheWeek( ) to print out the details of the bookOfTheWeek or an error stating that ”There is NO Book of the Week”HINT: MUST have a heading and use getBookDetails( ) to print the details

• Add method void pickBookOfTheWeek( ) to randomly pick a Book in the entire library from any of the genres as the bookOfTheWeek                                               

HINT: First check that Library has books to chose from, then use Random to pick a random Genre. Then, MUST check the chosen Genre has books before picking a random Book from the randomly selected genre. If there are NO books in the selected genre, then repeat the loop by trying another genre. Remember to call getGenreBooks and printBookOfTheWeek (as needed)

Which of the following statements is true of American teenagers who are part of Generation Z?

a. They are typically non-Hispanic and white.

b. They represent the largest cohort group.

c. They enjoy risky behaviors and have higher rates of underage drinking.

d. The majority will often buy a brand that has a positive social or environmental impact than one that doesn’t.

The Problem

Facebook has long conducted digital experiments on various aspects of its website. For example, just before the 2012 election, the company conducted an experiment on the News Feeds of nearly 2 million users so that they would see more “hard news” shared by their friends. In the experiment, news articles that Facebook users' friends had posted appeared higher in their News feeds. Facebook claimed that the news stories being shared were general in nature and not political. The stories originated from a list of 100 top media outlets from the New York Times to Fox News. Industry analysts claim that the change may have boosted voter turnout by as much as 3 percent.

Next, Facebook decided to conduct a different kind of experiment that analyzed human emotions. The social network has observed that people's friends often produce more News Feed content than they can read. As a result, Facebook filters that content with algorithms to show users the most relevant and engaging content. For one week in 2012, Facebook changed the algorithms it uses to determine which status updates appeared in the News Feed of 689,000 randomly selected users (about 1 of every 2,500 Facebook users). In this experiment, the algorithm filtered content based on its emotional content. Specifically, it identified a post as “positive” or “negative” if it used at least one word previously identified by Facebook as positive or negative. In essence, Facebook altered the regular news feeds of those users, showing one set of users happy, positive posts while displaying dreary, negative posts to another set.

Previous studies had found that the largely positive content that Facebook tends to feature has made users feel bitter and resentful. The rationale for this finding is that users become jealous over the success of other people, and they feel they are not “keeping up.” Those studies, therefore, predicted that reducing the positive content in users' feeds might actually make users less unhappy. Clearly, Facebook would want to determine what types of feeds will make users spend more time on its site rather than leave the site in disgust or despair. Consequently, Facebook designed its experiment to investigate the theory that seeing friends' positive content makes users sad.

The researchers—one from Facebook and two from academia—conducted two experiments, with a total of four groups of users. In the first experiment, they reduced the positive content of News Feeds; in the second experiment, they reduced the negative content. In both experiments, these treatment conditions were compared with control groups in which News Feeds were randomly filtered without regard to positive or negative content.

The results were interesting. When users received more positive content in their News Feed, a slightly larger percentage of words in their status updates were positive, and a smaller percentage were negative. When positivity was reduced, the opposite pattern occurred. The researchers concluded that the emotions expressed by friends, through online social networks, elicited similar emotions from users. Interestingly, the results of this experiment did not support the hypothesis that seeing friends' positive content made users sad.

Significantly, Facebook had not explicitly informed the participants that they were being studied. In fact, few users were aware of this fact until the study was published in a paper titled “Experimental evidence of massive-scale emotional contagion through social networks” in the prominent scientific journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. At that point, many people became upset that Facebook had secretly performed a digital experiment on its users. The only warning that Facebook had issued was buried in the social network's one-click user agreement. Facebook's Data Use Policy states that Facebook “may use the information we receive about you . . . for internal operations, including troubleshooting, data analysis, testing, research, and service improvement.” This policy led to charges that the experiment violated laws designed to protect human research subjects.

Some lawyers urged legal action against Facebook over its experiment. While acknowledging the potential benefits of digital research, they asserted that online research such as the Facebook experiment should be held to some of the same standards required of government-sponsored clinical trials. What makes the Facebook experiment unethical, in their opinion, was that the company did not explicitly seek subjects' approval at the time of the study.

Some industry analysts challenged this contention, arguing that clinical research requirements should not be imposed on Facebook. They placed Facebook's experiment in the context of manipulative advertising—on the web and elsewhere—and news outlets that select stories and write headlines in a way that is designed to exploit emotional responses by their readers.

On July 3, 2014, the privacy group Electronic Privacy Information Center filed a formal complaint with the Federal Trade Commission claiming that Facebook had broken the law when it conducted the experiment without the participants' knowledge or consent. EPIC alleged that Facebook had deceived its users by secretly conducting a psychological experiment on their emotions.

Facebook's Response

Facebook Chief Operating Officer Sheryl Sandberg defended the experiment on the grounds that it was a part of ongoing research that companies perform to test different products. She conceded, however, that the experiment had been poorly communicated, and she formally apologized. The lead author of the Facebook experiment also stated, “I can understand why some people have concerns about it (the study), and my co-authors and I are very sorry for the way the (academic) paper described the research and any anxiety it caused.”

For its part, Facebook conceded that the experiment should have been “done differently,” and it announced a new set of guidelines for how the social network will approach future research studies. Specifically, research that relates to content that “may be considered deeply personal” will go through an enhanced review process before it can begin.

The Results

At Facebook, the experiments continue. In May 2015, the social network launched an experiment called Instant Articles in partnership with nine major international newspapers. This new feature allowed Facebook to host articles from various news publications directly on its platform, an option that the social network claims will generate a richer multimedia experience and faster page-loading times.

The following month Facebook began experimenting with its Trending sidebar, which groups news and hashtags into five categories among which users can toggle: all news, politics, science and technology, sports, and entertainment. Facebook maintained that the objective is to help users discover which topics they may be interested in. This experiment could be part of Facebook's new effort to become a one-stop news distributor, an approach that would encourage users to remain on the site for as long as possible.

A 2016 report asserts that Facebook's list of top trending topics is not quite objective. For example, one source stated that Facebook's news curators routinely excluded trending stories from conservative media sites from the trending section. Facebook strongly denied the claim.

Questions

1. Discuss the ethicality and legality of Facebook's experiment with human emotions.
2. Was Facebook's response to criticism concerning that experiment adequate? Why or why not?
3. Consider the experiments that Facebook conducted in May and June 2015. Is there a difference between these two experiments and Facebook's experiment with human emotions? Why or why not?
4. Should the law require companies to inform their users every time they conduct experiments? Why or why not?

How do women and men compare in the pursuit of academic degrees? The table below present counts (in thousands) from the Statistical Abstract of degrees earned in 1996 categorized by the level of the degree and the sex of the recipient.

Bachelor Master Professional Doctorate Totals

Female 642 227 32 18

Male 522 179 45 27

Totals

i. Explain why sex is the independent variable.

j. Describe the differences in degree distribution between men and women. Use appropriate percentages.

k. Are these differences significant? Use an appropriate statistical test (with ? = 0.01) to determine whether sex and academic degree are independent.

l. Find lambda for this table. What does this tell us?

Week 3 Case Study, Information Literacy: A Road to Evidence-Based Practice

Nursing student Melissa is working on her patient care plan for this week’s clinical experience. Melissa remembers being told in class that when considering patient outcomes, the nurse must consider evidence-based practices to serve as the basis of nursing care and that the nurse’s level of education and practice will reflect in different interventions.

What process will Melissa use as the standard to investigate evidence-based care to include in her patient’s care plan?

What examples can Melissa provide to demonstrate how BSN, MSN, and Doctorate prepared nurses utilize evidence-based practice interventions differently?

In lecture we discussed Milgram’s 1967 experiment; he picked 300 people at random in Nebraska and asked them to send a letter to a stockbroker in Boston, by way of relaying the letter through a chain of people. The rule is that every person has to know the next person they are sending the 1 letter to on a first name basis. He found that on average each letter went through the hands of 6.4 people before reaching the stockbroker. This is where the expression ”six degrees of separation” comes from. When you tell your friend Dirk about this experiment he says he is not surprised. Dirk says that often, when he tells something to a friend, a couple of days later he hears back the same information from someone else! You decide to test whether the six degrees of separation principle can also be applied to oneself. Let’s imagine that “friendships” on Facebook are a good representation of Milgram’s rule for being on first-name terms with somebody. Assume you are given access to all of the friendship links on Facebook as a graph (where nodes are accounts, and links are “friends”). Design an algorithm to determine if there is a chain of at most 7 friends (because the average number in Milgram’s experiment was 6.4) such that Dirk is friends with both the first and the last person. You may assume that the graph is undirected. For full credit your algorithm should run in time O(m + n) (where n and m are the number of nodes and edges, respectively).

Hint: MODIFY/ USE BFS please helP!