Prospective drivers who enroll in Smart Driver Driving School have always been taught by a conventional teaching method. The driving school has many branches across provinces. Last year, among all students that took driving lessons from the school in a certain province, 80% passed the provincial road test. This year, the teaching committee came up with a new teaching method. The committee randomly assigned half of its 2400 students enrolled this year to receive the conventional teaching method and the remaining half to receive the new teaching method. In a random sample of 100 students who received the conventional teaching method, 76% passed the road test.

Part i) To test if the passing rate has decreased from last year for students who received the conventional teaching method, what will be the null hypothesis?

A. The proportion of 100 students who received the conventional teaching method and subsequently passed the road test this year equals 0.80.

B. The proportion of 1200 students who received the conventional teaching method and subsequently passed the road test this year equals 0.76.

C. The proportion of 1200 students who received the conventional teaching method and subsequently passed the road test this year is lower than 0.80.

D. The proportion of 100 students who received the conventional teaching method and subsequently passed the road test this year is lower than 0.80.

E. The proportion of 100 students who received the conventional teaching method and subsequently passed the road test this year equals 0.76.

F. The proportion of 1200 students who received the conventional teaching method and subsequently passed the road test this year equals 0.80.

Part ii) For the test mentioned in the previous part, what will be the alternative hypothesis?

A. The proportion of 100 students who received the conventional teaching method and subsequently passed the road test this year equals 0.80.

B. The proportion of 100 students who received the conventional teaching method and subsequently passed the road test this year is lower than 0.80.

C. The proportion of 1200 students who received the conventional teaching method and subsequently passed the road test this year equals 0.80.

D. The proportion of 1200 students who received the conventional teaching method and subsequently passed the road test this year is lower than 0.80.

E. The proportion of 100 students who received the conventional teaching method and subsequently passed the road test this year equals 0.76.

F. The proportion of 1200 students who received the conventional teaching method and subsequently passed the road test this year equals 0.76.

Part iii) What is the approximate null model for the sample proportion of the conventional teaching group who passed the road test?

A. N(0.76,0.76⋅0.241200−−−−−−√).

B. N(0.80,0.8⋅0.21200−−−−−√).

C. N(0.80,0.76⋅0.24100−−−−−−√).

D. N(0.76,0.8⋅0.2100−−−−−√).

E. N(0.80,0.8⋅0.2100−−−−−√).

F. N(0.76,0.76⋅0.24100−−−−−−√).

Part iv) Compute the P-value: (your answer must be expressed as a proportion and rounded to 4 decimal places.)

Part v) What is an appropriate conclusion for the hypothesis test at the 2% significance level?

A. The passing rate for students taught using the conventional method this year is significantly lower than last years.

B. The passing rate for students taught using the conventional method this year is not significantly lower than last years.

C. The passing rate for students taught using the conventional method this year is the same as last years.

D. Both (b) and (c).

Over the past several years, decommissioned U.S. warships have been turned into artificial reefs in the ocean by towing them out to sea and sinking them. The thinking was that sinking the ship would conveniently dispose of it while providing an artificial reef environment for aquatic life. In reality, some of the sunken ships have released toxins into the ocean and have been costly to decontaminate. In the late 1990s, at least two international conventions have made it all but impossible to export used warships for salvage without removing all military equipment, conducting a complete cleanup and cutting the ship into such comparatively small pieces as to make the entire exercise relatively expensive.

The new environmental regulations have made disposal of ships an expensive project. The United States has hundreds of mothballed warships, presenting an extremely expensive problem for military authorities and the government. Now the U.S. government is taking bids to instead dismantle and recycle ships that have recently been decommissioned (but have not been sunk yet.)

Assume that a recently decommissioned aircraft carrier, the USS Blaze, is estimated to contain 40 tons of recyclable materials able to be sold for approximately $32.8 million. About 90% of the value in old ships is the metals, including steel, copper, copper alloys, and lead that can be removed, sold for remelting, and reformed into new metal products. There are also some high-value metals; such as, nickel alloys, stainless steel, and titanium that can be found in some parts of all warships but may be present is such small quantities that recovery and resale may not be cost effective. The low bid for dismantling and transporting the ship materials to appropriate facilities is $34.5 million. Recycling and dismantling the ship would create about 500 jobs for about a year on the West Coast area. This geographic area has been experiencing record-high unemployment rates in recent years.

As an alternative, reefing these ships would create new habitats for underwater life and can be done using newer environmentally safe methods. These new artificial reefs would enhance fishery resources and facilitate the access and utilization by recreational and commercial fishermen. Artificial reefs can also increase tourism by attracting sport divers for recreational purposes. Academic organizations may be interested in using the site to study fish and other marine life which may open the door for more funding from these research activities. Research has shown that a new reef will attract 60,000 – 70,000 divers and add more than 10 million to the local tourism industry. Research has also shown that artificial reefs can substantially increase the population of reef-associated species. Within months the G. B. Church artificial reef in British Columbia had hundreds of encrusted individuals on its hull and within 2.5 years had seen an increase of nearly 100 species.

Reefing the ship would cost an estimated 800K (or $0.8 million) which includes cleaning of the vessel of toxics, oils and greases, PCB containing electrical and electronic equipment and other readily removable PCB containing equipment, local towing and docking, preparation (unspecified) and other incidental overhead items, insurance, and making the vessels safe for divers (diverizing). There will also be yearly maintenance costs in perpetuity.

Is it more financially advantageous to sink the ship or to dismantle and recycle it? Show your calculations. (Worth 4 pts.)

Managing Employee Benefits: A New Retirement Plan at Grinders Manufacturing Grinders Manufacturing faces some tough questions as the organization moves to expand operations. The 75-year old company, with more than 400 employees, produces machine parts, and a new market opportunity will allow the company to expand operations and build a new facility. While Grinders is a business that has endured the test of time, the company has faced many challenges over the past several decades. At one point in the mid 1960s, the company had more than 800 employees. A strong employee union at that time established competitive market pay rates and a generous benefits package that included a traditional defined benefit retirement plan. However, through the 1980s and 1990s, Grinders faced declining sales along with increasing expenses. The company laid off nearly half of its workforce, and while it maintained operations, the company continued to struggle. A frustrated workforce eventually voted to decertify the union, and the plant now remains union-free. However, things seem to be turning around as the new market opportunity for Grinders holds the promise to build back itsworkforce. As the company moves forward with its growth plans, Shane Meadow, Director of Human Resources, is examining all of the company’s HR management policies and practices to ensure that the company is prepared to meet the future challenges. Employee benefits are also under review, with the retirement plan under particular scrutiny as it is one of the most significant expenses for the company. Shane decides to begin his review by examining the company’s retirement plan to determine if the current plan is the most financially responsible plan for the company. The defined benefit retirement plan set in place through union negotiations years ago is available for all full-time employees. However, the company’s declining sales and unstable financial situation have made maintaining the plan challenging. The current plan uses a unit benefit formula that calculates each employee’s retirement benefit based on years of service and pay. With many long-term employees, the company makes significant contributions to the plan each year to ensure that the promised benefits will be available. In addition to the financial impact of the plan, Shane has noted that as he hires new staff, they find the plan complex to understand. Shane is considering transitioning to a defined contribution retirement plan, such as a Section 401(k) plan. His initial thoughts on this change are that the company would be better able to manage the plan financially, as the company contribution to the plan could be a profitsharing plan that would base the company’s contribution to the plan on company profits. He feels this would lower the company’s financial risk in supporting the retirement benefit. If it provided a profit-sharing plan as part of a Section 401(k) plan, it would ask employees to contribute to the plan as well. Shane believes that asking employees to invest in their own retirement will help employees understand the value of their retirement benefits. While the transition process of terminating the defined benefit plan and establishing a defined contribution plan would be complex, Shane believes at this point that it may be a good decision for the company in the long run. Further, the upcoming expansion plans provide a good opportunity to make such a change.

1. Based on the circumstances that Grinders Manufacturing is facing, do you think that Shane’s intention to move to a defined contribution plan is a good idea?

2. Who will the change benefit more, the company or the employees?

1. In a survey, 20 people were asked how much they spent on their child's last birthday gift. The results were roughly bell-shaped with a mean of $43.1 and standard deviation of $9.4. Construct a confidence interval at a 90% confidence level.

Express your answer in the format of ¯xx¯ ±± Error.

$ ±± $

2. The body temperatures in degrees Fahrenheit of a sample of 5 adults in one small town are:

Assume body temperatures of adults are normally distributed. Based on this data, find the 80% confidence interval of the mean body temperature of adults in the town. Enter your answer as an open-interval (i.e., parentheses) accurate to twp decimal places (because the sample data are reported accurate to one decimal place).

80% C.I. =

Answer should be obtained without any preliminary rounding. However, the critical value may be rounded to 3 decimal places.

3.

The body temperatures in degrees Fahrenheit of a sample of adults in one small town are:

Assume body temperatures of adults are normally distributed. Based on this data, find the 98% confidence interval of the mean body temperature of adults in the town. Enter your answer as an open-interval (i.e., parentheses) accurate to 3 decimal places. Assume the data is from a normally distributed population.

98% C.I. =    

4.

You are interested in finding a 90% confidence interval for the average commute that non-residential students have to their college. The data below show the number of commute miles for 14 randomly selected non-residential college students.

a. To compute the confidence interval use a ? t z  distribution.

b. With 90% confidence the population mean commute for non-residential college students is between  and   miles.

c. If many groups of 14 randomly selected non-residential college students are surveyed, then a different confidence interval would be produced from each group. About  percent of these confidence intervals will contain the true population mean number of commute miles and about  percent will not contain the true population mean number of commute miles.

5.

A psychiatrist is interested in finding a 90% confidence interval for the tics per hour exhibited by children with Tourette syndrome. The data below show the tics in an observed hour for 15 randomly selected children with Tourette syndrome. Round answers to 3 decimal places where possible.

a. To compute the confidence interval use a ? t z  distribution.

b. With 90% confidence the population mean number of tics per hour that children with Tourette syndrome exhibit is between  and .

c. If many groups of 15 randomly selected children with Tourette syndrome are observed, then a different confidence interval would be produced from each group. About  percent of these confidence intervals will contain the true population mean number of tics per hour and about  percent will not contain the true population mean number of tics per hour.

6.

You are interested in finding a 90% confidence interval for the mean number of visits for physical therapy patients. The data below show the number of visits for 13 randomly selected physical therapy patients.

a. To compute the confidence interval use a ? t z  distribution.

b. With 90% confidence the population mean number of visits per physical therapy patient is between  and   visits.

c. If many groups of 13 randomly selected physical therapy patients are studied, then a different confidence interval would be produced from each group. About  percent of these confidence intervals will contain the true population mean number of visits per patient and about  percent will not contain the true population mean number of visits per patient.

Movies 6b and 6c

1. Part A - Using either R studio and/or SPSS, calculate a t-test for independent means for the question 10 data in your dataset. Be sure to cut and paste your output into this document. When using R this should include your code.
   

Be sure to report the t-test in the correct format AND a complete write up in a paragraph form following the example in the movie. The research hypothesis asked if there are differences between boys (coded as 1) and girls (coded as 2) and how often they raise their hands? Is there? (1 point)

Part B: Calculate Cohen’s d. Was this a small, medium or large effect?

Movies 7b and 7c: ANOVA calculations

2. Using either R and/or SPSS, calculate a one-way ANOVA for the question 11 data in your dataset. Be sure to cut and paste your output. Report the F-test in the correct format AND a complete write up (in a paragraph) following the example in the movie. The research hypothesis asked if there were differences in how long practiced in a week prior to a race (1 = < 15 hours, 2 = 15-25 hours, 3 = > 25 hours) and their times in the following race 100-yard freestyle. Was there a difference, and if so, among/between which groups did the differences lie? (1 point)

Movies 8b and c - CHI Square calculations

3. Using either R and/or SPSS, calculate a CHI square using your dataset – report in the correct format AND a complete write up (in a paragraph) following the example in the movie. (1 point). Be sure to cut and paste your output into this document. When using R this should include your code.
   
   You work for the New York Times and your bosses want to know whether there are technology preferences among the most subscribed age group generations (Baby Boomers and GenX) and their up and coming most common potential subscribers (Millennials) for accessing the Times – among Tablets, Smartphones and Desktop access.
   

In this study you collected data from a small sample of 12 people in 2018 from each of the three representative age groups: Millennials – 21 – 37 years old; GenX – 38 – 53 years old; and Baby Boomers (54-72 years old). This was a pilot exploratory study; you did not have a directional hypothesis so you are first going to need to explore differences among the three groups.

QUESTION 1

Across cultures, the prevalence of alcohol use and abuse is greater in those with less education.

True

False

2.00000 points   

QUESTION 2

Conformity, in general, is more common in individuals from lower socioeconomic standing than individuals from upper-middle class standing.

True

False

2.00000 points   

QUESTION 3

If a researcher observed that most of the individuals from a given culture displayed an unassuming bias, what would this mean?

2.00000 points   

QUESTION 4

According to the old Indian system of castes, an individual’s social status was primarily ________________.

2.00000 points   

QUESTION 5

Imagine that you are a psychologist working in private practice in the U.S. You have a new client from a non-Western culture who claims that her problems are the result of evil spiritual forces that are emitted from her mother-in-law. Would you consider this client delusional?

2.00000 points   

QUESTION 6

Experimental research shows that the principle of cognitive balance does not work outside the psychological laboratories of major European and American universities.

True

False

2.00000 points   

QUESTION 7

Research has shown that bodily symmetry, which is considered a cross-culturally accepted feature of a beautiful body or face, is one of the strongest predictors of _________________.

2.00000 points   

QUESTION 8

Imagine that a store-owner is experiencing an unpleasant state of emotions caused by a mismatch (disparity) between his belief that anger is inappropriate and his angry reaction to the rude behavior of a foreign tourist. What is the psychological term for this state?

2.00000 points   

QUESTION 9

There is a folk belief that there is no such thing as mental disorder. All psychological dysfunctions are a form of punishment for sinful or inappropriate behavior in the past.

True

False

2.00000 points   

QUESTION 10

In collectivist cultures, compared to individualist ones, there should be more tolerance for people exhibiting histrionic or anti-social traits.

True

False

2.00000 points   

QUESTION 11

The ____________ is a measure of tolerance or intolerance toward specific personality traits in a cultural environment.

2.00000 points   

QUESTION 12

The rules of greeting and introducing oneself to other people appear comparable across various ethnic groups.

True

False

2.00000 points   

QUESTION 13

What is the relationship between power distance and obedience to authority?

2.00000 points   

QUESTION 14

In terms of conflict resolution, in countries with high-powered distance, disagreements between two groups are typically resolved with the help of __________________.

2.00000 points   

QUESTION 15

A common opinion within the field of psychology today is that it is reasonable to work within the client’s belief system and the culture-specific components of his or her illness, without necessarily endorsing the validity of such beliefs.

True

False

Looking at this contingency table, how do I find what Cramer's V, Lambda and Chi Square are?

12. The Law School Admission Test (LSAT) is designed so that test scores are normally distributed. The mean LSAT score for the population of all test-takers in 2005 was 154.35, with a standard deviation of 5.62. Calculate the value of the standard error of the mean for the sampling distribution for 100 samples. (0.5 Points)

what if we construct a confidence interval instead of a hypothesis test. in yhe dimple random sample of 331 americanadults who do not have a four year degree and are not currently enrollef in dchool 48% said tjey devidef not yo go to college because yhey could not afford school.

1. What is an economic argument for public funding of education? Does this mean that schools should be publicly establishment/managed? What benefits would result if the government simply provided parents/students money for education and allowed parents/students to use this money to buy their education at whatever school they wished?