In spite of inflation increasing most prices, the price of solar power declining. Also in contrast to fossil fuels, the cost of generating electricity from solar energy is driven by the infrastructure costs instead of the cost of the natural resource. Therefore the costs and prices are more stable, particularly for large-scale electricity generation.

Historically, solar technologies have had high upfront infrastructure costs but low operating costs. The SunShot program launched in 2011 by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) seeks to make solar energy economically competitive by 2020. To achieve this goal, the cost of solar power will have to be reduced by roughly 75% relative to 2010 prices. The U.S. DOE has reported that cumulative adoption of solar technologies has increased over tenfold since 2008. It is expected that achieving the price reduction set by the SunShot initiative could lead to solar representing 14% of the electricity demand in the U.S. by 2030 and 27% by 2050.

According to a study by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, reported prices of both residential and commercial photovoltaic systems decreased on average from 6% to 12% annually between 1998 and 2014. At the end of 2014, photovoltaic prices ranged from $4.27/W for residential systems with a median installed capacity of 6kW to $2.08/W for utility-scale systems. Costs for utility scale systems are projected to fall $1.00/W to $1.75/W by 2020. It is expected that within the next two decades, the cost of solar technologies will be lower than the costs of conventional fossil fuel electricity technologies. These lower electricity prices can decrease inflation and contribute to increased economic activity and growth.

Interestingly, the deployment of solar technologies continues to increase despite the 2015 plunge in oil prices. Solar was the third most added electricity-generation capacity in 2015, after wind and natural gas. However, the share of solar compared to the total U.S. electricity capacity in 2015 was 2%, while its generation share was only 0.9%. So it remains to be seen if the goal of the SunShot initiative will be met.

1. Deflation decreases the general prices of goods and services and increases purchasing power. How does this differ from the declining price of solar technologies?
2. Currently, most electricity generation in the U.S. is from fossil fuels, including petroleum, coal, and natural gas. In what ways has the 2015 decline in oil prices affected the adoption of solar technologies?
3. Use Internet resources to compare the changes in the prices of renewable energy technologies including wind, solar, and geothermal over the last 5 years. Which of these three technologies has achieved the greatest cost decline during that period?
4. In addition to cost, what are other barriers to the adoption of photovoltaic systems?

OCloud Corportation's suite of software products and services provides secure and scalable solutions for global companies. The following is an extract from the company's 2020 and 2019 comparative income statements and statement of financial position. The market price of OCloud's common shares was $41.12 and $38.20 on June 30, 2020, and June 30, 2019, respectively. OCloud declared dividends per common share of $0.476 and $0.412 for 2020 and 2019, respectively.

OCLOUD CORPORTATION

Years Ended June 30, 2020 and 2019

(in thousands)

Calculate the return on shareholders' equity for OCloud in 2020. Note that OCloud's articles of incorporation authorize only common shares. The average return for the shares listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange in a comparable period was 19.8%. (Round answer to 1 decimal place)

Return on shareholders' equity:___%

Calculate earnings per share for the years 2020 and 2019 (Round answers to 2 decimal places)

2020 2019

Earnings per share $ per share $ per share

Calculate the dividend payout ratio and the dividend yield for 2020 and 2019. (Round answers to 1 decimal place)

2020 2019

Dividend payout ratio % %

Dividend yield % %

Villa Corporation (VC) is a private company that follows ASPE. The company’s policy is to report all cash flows arising from interest and dividends as operating activities. The company’s activities for the year ended December 31, 2020 included the following:

1. VC reported income before income taxes of $400,000. Income tax expense was $50,000.

2. Retained earnings increased by $340,000 for the year; the dividends payable account increased by $5,000.

3. Income taxes payable increased by 2,000 during the year.

4. Interest expense for the year was $20,000; the interest payable account increased by $12,000.

5. Accounts receivable decreased by $18,000 and accounts payable increased by $40,000 during the year.

6. Inventory increased by $14,000 during the year.

7. VC sold equipment with a net book value of $40,000 for $42,000 cash.

8. VC sold a long-term investment for $12,000; the book value of the investment was $15,000.

1. Depreciation expense for the year totaled $22,000.

10. VC recorded a goodwill impairment loss of $15,000 during the year.

11. VC acquired $200,000 in equipment by way of a $20,000 cash down payment and a $180,000 loan from its local bank.

Required:

1. Prepare the cash flows from operating activities section of the Cash Flow Statement for Villa Corporation for the year ended December 31, 2020 using the indirect method.       

2. For each activity described in this question that is not classified as an operating activity, explain how the activity and the related cash flow would be reported in Villa Hospitality’s Cash Flow Statement.

Cash Flow Statement (Partial)

For the Year Ended December 31, 2020 (Indirect Method)

Figure 1

BMD, Inc. Income Statements (in 000s)

                                                                          Current       Pro-Forma

                                                                                         Year          Statements

Is projected net income growing faster or more slowly than projected sales? Discuss any differences. You should carefully review the 2020 Income Statement data to see if you want to recommend or make any adjustments.

Suppose that Dom began a landscaping business in 2020. In that year, he adopted the last-in first-out (LIFO) inventory-flow method for his business inventory of shrubbery by using it for the year on his tax return.

In 2019, he purchased the following four batches of shrubs (total cost per batch below).

   Shrubs         Purchase Date        Direct Cost         Other Inventoriable Costs      Total Cost
      200               July 21                 $ 2,000              $ 200                                $ 2,200

      150              August 15              $ 2,000              $ 100                                $ 2,100
      100             October 30              $ 2,200              $ 400                                $ 2,600
      140            November 10            $ 2,700              $ 100                                $ 2,800

In 2020, Dom sold 200 shrubs. In 2021, Dom purchased three more batches of shrubs at the following total cost per batch below. Just before year end in 2021, he also sold 50 shrubs:

                       Shrubs             Purchase Date               Total Cost
                        100                 Early spring                   $ 2,400
                        125                    Summer                      $ 2,500
                        100                        Fall                         $ 2,600

a.     (10 points) What cost of goods sold and ending inventory would Dom record if he elects to use the LIFO method in 2020?

b.    (10 points) What will be his cost of goods sold and ending inventory in 2021 under the LIFO method?

c.     (10 points) How would you answer (a) change if Dom had initially selected the first-in, first-out (FIFO) method instead of LIFO?

d.    (10 points) How would you answer (b) change if Dom had initially selected the first-in, first-out (FIFO) method instead of LIFO?

Problem A, Income Taxes Harms Way Company (HWC) provides you with the following information for the year ended October 31, 2020. Your assignment is to calculate income tax expense, income taxes payable, and deferred income tax assets/liabilities. The end result will be a journal entry to record all of that. In addition, you must calculate HWC’s effective tax rate and prepare a reconciliation to the federal statutory rate of 21%. You can explain the difference in words, if you wish.

Information provided:

1. Income before tax, as shown on HWC’s GAAP statement of income = $2,440,000

2. Depreciation calculated under GAAP = $300,000. Depreciation as will be shown on the tax return = $475,000.

3. Interest income on municipal bonds, which is not subject to federal income tax = $150,000.

4. Fines recorded and paid during the year to the EPA for environmental violations = $450,000. Fines are not tax deductible.

5. Meals and entertainment expenses recorded during the year = $375,000. Only one-half (50%) of those expenses may be deducted for tax purposes.

6. At the end of the fiscal year (in October 2020), HWC received a payment of $750,000 from a client for a product to be delivered in November 2020. Under the tax law, that payment is taxable when received, not when the product is delivered.

Your Assignment: Calculate:

1. Income tax expense (GAAP).

2. Income taxes currently payable.

3. Deferred income taxes resulting from this year’s operations.

Be sure to show your work, I give partial credit (full credit, too, of course), but I must be able to see how you calculated amounts used in your answer

Robert was diagnosed with hypertension at the age of 39. In taking better care of himself., Robert a former college athlete found himself eating poorly, consuming too much alcohol, smoking, and spending too much time sitting in front of the TV since graduating. His personal habits have also caused him to gain a significant amount of weight. Robert is now on two high blood pressure medications to try and control his blood pressure. He also modified his lifestyle to include regular exercise, stopping smoking and moderate alcohol consumption and a sodium diet.

Robert’s, father had died earl from renal failure due to hypertension he took his lifestyle changes seriously. Robert now 56, is a triathlon athlete and very competitive and strived to first in his age group. In order to gain the edge, he needs, he hired a certified clinical trainer, Carmen. Robert was experiencing dehydration and fatigue while exercising, so he wanted help to find a way to drink enough fluids while training.

Carmen designed a way for Robert to assess his physiological status (PS)before, during, and after his workouts. A urinalysis was done before, right after, and six hours after a two-hour training run to determine his renal status a measure of his PS.

The table below shows Robert’s urinalysis data.

Questions

1. Trace glucose that was found in Robert’s urine six hours after his exercise, this concerned Carmen, however, Robert had a large meal an hour before the urinalysis. How could this affect the glucose in Robert’s urine?

2. Intense exercise can cause lactic acid to accumulate. How can Carmen tell Robert’s kidneys are trying to prevent acidosis? Describe this mechanism.

3. After reviewing Robert’s urinalysis data, do you think he should drink more water prior to starting his training to make sure he stays adequately hydrated? Explain your answer.

4. One of the medications the Robert takes to control his blood pressure is called an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor), which inhibits the activation of angiotensin II. What are two of the mechanisms by which angiotensin II targets the kidneys to increase extracellular fluid volume, there are several?

*****Please answer ALL questions*****

Question 6 (1 point)

A statistics professor wants to examine the number of hours that seniors and freshmen study for the final. Specifically, the professor wants to test if the average number of hours that seniors study is greater than the average number of hours that freshmen study. If the seniors are considered group 1 and the freshmen are considered group 2, what are the hypotheses for this scenario?

Question 6 options:

Question 7 (1 point)

A pharmaceutical company is testing a new drug to increase memorization ability. It takes a sample of individuals and splits them randomly into two groups: group 1 takes the drug, group 2 takes a placebo. After the drug regimen is completed, all members of the study are given a test for memorization ability with higher scores representing a better ability to memorize. Those 21 participants on the drug had an average test score of 21.85 (SD = 4.22) while those 28 participants not on the drug (taking the placebo) had an average score of 20.94 (SD = 6.504). You use this information to perform a test for two independent samples with hypotheses Null Hypothesis: μ₁ = μ₂, Alternative Hypothesis: μ₁ ≠ μ₂. What is the test statistic and p-value? Assume the population standard deviations are equal.

Question 7 options:

Question 8 (1 point)

You are interested in whether the average lifetime of Duracell AAA batteries is greater than the average lifetime of Energizer AAA batteries. You lay out your hypotheses as follows: Null Hypothesis: μ₁ ≤ μ₂, Alternative Hypothesis: μ₁ > μ₂. After running a two independent samples t-test, you see a p-value of 0.6598. What is the appropriate conclusion?

Question 8 options:

Question 9 (1 point)

It is believed that students who begin studying for final exams a week before the test score differently than students who wait until the night before. Suppose you want to test the hypothesis that students who study one week before score less than students who study the night before. A hypothesis test for two independent samples is run based on your data and a p-value is calculated to be 0.0362. What is the appropriate conclusion?

Question 9 options:

Question 10 (1 point)

A medical researcher wants to examine the relationship of the blood pressure of patients before and after a procedure. She takes a sample of people and measures their blood pressure before undergoing the procedure. Afterwards, she takes the same sample of people and measures their blood pressure again. If the researcher wants to test if the blood pressure measurements after the procedure are less than the blood pressure measurements before the procedure, what will the null and alternative hypotheses be? Treat the differences as (blood pressure after - blood pressure before).

Question 10 options: