For Problems 5-8: For each of the statements:

5. The mean amount of credit card debts per adult in the US is greater than $3,500.

The hypotheses statements: Ho: μ ≤ 3500 vs H1: μ > 3500 (claim)

Give a statement identifying a Type I Error.

Choose your correct answer below.

A) The amount of credit card debt is equal to $3500.

B) The amount of credit card debt is less than $3500.

C) The amount of credit card debt is greater than $3500.

D) The amount of credit card debt is not equal to $3500.

6. WHO Air quality guideline for particulate matter (PM1O) is 50 micrograms/cubic meter. That is, 50 is the mean value.

Hypotheses statements: Ho: μ = 50 (claim) vs H1: μ ≠ 50. Give a statement identifying a Type I Error.
Choose the correct answer below.

A) WHO Air quality guideline for particulate matter (PM1O) is equal 50 micrograms/cubic meter.

B) WHO Air quality guideline for particulate matter (PM1O) is less than 50 micrograms/cubic meter.

C) WHO Air quality guideline for particulate matter (PM1O) is greater than 50 micrograms/cubic meter.

D) WHO Air quality guideline for particulate matter (PM1O) is not 50 micrograms/cubic meter.

7. The mean of the weekly work hours for a country is less than 34 hours.

Hypotheses statements: Ho: μ ≥ 34 vs H1: μ< 34. (claim)

Give a statement identifying a Type II Error.

Choose the correct answer below.

A) The mean of the weekly work hours for the country is equal to 34 hours.

B) The mean of the weekly work hours for the country is less than to 34 hours.

C) The mean of the weekly work hours for the country is greater than to 34 hours.

D) The mean of the weekly work hours for the country is not equal to 34 hours.

8. The graduation rate at CASA magnet school is 90%.

Hypotheses statements: Ho: p = 0.90 (claim) vs H1: p ≠0.90

Give a statement identifying a Type II Error.

Choose the correct answer below.

A) The graduation rate at CASA magnet school is equal to 90%.

B) The graduation rate at CASA magnet school is less than 90%.

C) The graduation rate at CASA magnet school is greater than 90%.

D) The graduation rate at CASA magnet school is not equal to 90%.

Problems:

1. Consider the following situation: 100 people are gathered in a room and 50 of them are selected at random and given a mug, those that were given the mug are asked for the minimum amount of money they would need to give up the mug and those without the mug are asked for the maximum amount they would be prepared to pay for the mug.

(a) What does standard theory predict the average amounts written down in each of the groups (those given the mug and those not given the mug)?

(b) What would you predict about the amounts written down by people in each group? Which effect is at work?

(c) Which element of Prospect Theory is consistent with the observations typically found in experiments of this type.

2. Match each of the following descriptions to phenomena (for example heuristics) that you have seen during the course, provide a brief description in each case:

(a) Hugo was offered a cable TV subscription service for e40 a month, initially he was reluctant as he considered that the price was higher than his valuation of the service. The cable company said he could enjoy the service for a month for free at which point he could call and cancel the service, Hugo accepted expecting to make the call. At the end of the month he considered that he would prefer to give up AUD 40 than the cable TV.

(b) Sarah lost all her luggage the last time she checked it in on a flight. She is never going to check her luggage in again, even if it means having unpleasant arguments with flight attendants.

(c) Franz is contemplating the future success of the German men’s football team, he considers that it is quite unlikely that Germany will win the World Cup in 2018, but he thinks there is strong chance that Germany will win the European Championships in 2020. When an interviewer asks him about the possibility that Germany could win both the European Championship and the World Cup, he says he thinks it is more likely than Germany winning the World Cup.

(d) Steve and James are entering a contest, they have to guess the weight in kilograms of actor Matt Damon, the nearest guess wins a prize. Prior to providing their answers Steve and James were asked for their own weights, they weighed 63kg and 105kg kilograms respectively. Steve guessed 75kg and James guessed 90kg.

3. Consider the following problem: The probability of breast cancer is 1% for a woman at age forty who participates in a routine screening. If a woman has breast cancer, the probability is 80% that she will get a positive mammography. If a woman does not have breast cancer, the probability is 9.6% that she will also get a positive mammography. A woman in this age group had a positive mammography in a routine screening. What is the probability that she actually has breast cancer?

(a) Using Bayes’ rule give the correct answer to this question.

(b) When faced with this question respondents frequently report answers between 70% and 80%. What type of error are respondents committing? Consider the following alternative formulation of the problem. 10 out of every 1,000 women at age forty who participate in routine screening have breast cancer. 8 of every 10 women with breast cancer will get a positive mammography.

Consider the following alternative formulation of the problem. 10 out of every 1,000 women at age forty who participate in a routine screening have breast cancer. 8 of every 10 women with breast cancer will get a positive mammography. 95 out of every 990 women without breast cancer will also get a positive mammography.

There is a new representative sample of women at age forty who got a positive mammography in a routine screening. What proportion of the sample do you expect to have breast cancer?

(c) When faced with this alternative formulation respondents are typically much closer to the correct answer. Provide an explanation for the difference in responses for the two questions.

4. A coroner in the UK investigated four cases of suicides among teenage boys in the UK within a short space of time. During the fourth inquest he commented that all the boys were owners of the well-known computer game Call of Duty and recommended that use of the game by under 18s should be restricted. In response to the coroner’s recommendation it was suggested that the coroner was guilty of Base Rate Neglect in reaching his conclusion.

(a) Provide a suggestion of which base rate the coroner may be ignoring.

(b) Provide a brief description of base rate neglect.

(c) Suppose that in subsequent inquests into suicides of teenage boys the same coroner finds that some owned Call of Duty while others had never played the game. Assuming that the coroner is susceptible to Confirmation Bias, how would you expect his belief in the hypothesis that Call of Duty is a causal factor in teenage suicides to be affected by the subsequent evidence?

IV.   CASE STUDY NO. 1 ABCABLE, INC.

ABCable, Inc. is a publicly traded cable provider. Among its current services are providing cable services, including television, Internet access and local telephone service. ABCable experienced rapid growth in all markets beginning in the late 1990s and continuing through now.

While revenues continue to grow, income is showing signs of declining to a level beneath that expected by analysts who follow the company. ln an analysis of why, Sally Bens, financial vice president, discovered that maintenance of cable systems has become an increasingly large cost­ particularly in new cable coverage areas. She pointed out to Bill Jones, the president, that in the relatively new areas maintemirice is high, particularly when viewed from the perspective that the areas currently have few customers. Jones has suggested that it doesn't seem right to face such high expenses when ''everyone knows we will have a larger customer base in a few years in those areas.''

Shortly thereafter, Bens and Jones decided to transfer out of Cable Maintenance Expense and into the Capitalized Cable account enough of these expenses to enable net income to meet analysts' forecasts. Documentation in some cases was created indicating a correction of an error and in some cases no documentation was created to support the entries.

Subsequently, these types of transactions were posted quarterly, on an "as needed" basis. Bens rationalized that it was indeed unfair to expense so much of the maintenance cost in rapidly growing areas. Jones didn't give it a lot of thought other than to periodically remind Bens of how important meeting EPS growth rates was.

The above scheme does not meet generally accepted accounting principles and led to materially misstated financial statements. Under generally accepted accounting principles, these transactions should have been expensed. Thus, the ABC able overstated assets and income.

1.   ls this an example of fraudulent financial reporting or misappropriation of assets?

2.   SAS No. 99 requires a number of inquiries of management, the audit committee, internal auditors, and others. Which, if any, individuals responding to these inquiries might be likely to reveal this scheme to the auditors?

3.   This is an example of management override. What types of procedures does SAS No. 99 prescribe for management override? Which, if any, of these procedures would have a possibility of detecting the scheme?

1. Training and employee development are essential so that health care organizations can provide quality care or products. Suppose you are a health care manager at a walk-in clinic and have learned about new local regulations for all clinics.How can you ensure all of the employees at the clinic learn about these new regulations before they must be enacted? What plan would you develop? Briefly describe your plan.    2. Computers, smartphones, and social media have made communicating faster and easier than before such technologies were used. However, when dealing with health care, faster is not always better. In the age of Twitter, 140 (or even 280) characters may not necessarily be the best way to communicate. What is the best way for health care organizations to use social media to communicate? What type of information is best communicated that way from these organizations? 3. “Health care moved from quality control to quality improvement in the 1990s. In health care, risk is greater because patients’ lives are at stake. Random errors can still occur, but preventable errors must be decreased or eliminated. Quality improvement is a relatively straightforward method of dealing with complex problems in engineering and manufacturing; however, nothing is really more complex than health care since individuals may respond differently to the same medical treatment.” Since quality improvement is so important in health care, choosing the right methods of implementing and measuring quality improvement is critical. Of the following health care processes, which would be a priority for quality improvement, and why? Prescribing patient medication, Administering patient medication, Routine patient care, Patient release/home care instructions.    4. You are an executive at a health care facility that just began to utilize telehealth methods as part of its patient care routine. You are concerned that using these methods may impact the quality of care patients receive. What are some of the steps or guidelines you could take to ensure patients continue to receive quality care? 5. The revenue cycle of a health care organization is a complex and burdensome process that can add to patients’ and health care facilities’ expenses. The provider revenue cycle begins with scheduling and pre-registration and ends with remittance and collections. Which step in the revenue cycle do you feel is in most need of improvements? Why?

QUESTION 1

This is a government agency that monitors infectious disease and implements infection control measures.

1 points

Question 2

Some of the qualifications a dental laboratory technician needs to perform his or her job duties include which of the following?

1 points

Question 3

A hospital that treats only psychiatric patients would be what type of facility:

1 points

Question 4

Current practices in the medical field include:

1 points

Question 5

The Bureau of Labor Statistics classifies health care into three broad categories. Which of the following is not one of those categories?

1 points

Question 6

During the career exploration process, it is not beneficial to interview healthcare workers working in your desired field.

True

False

0.5 points

Question 7

The three categories of healthcare workers include the following:

1. Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations

2. Healthcare support occupations

3. Community and social service occupations / personal care and service occupations

True

False

0.5 points

Question 8

Some of the new medical approaches developed in the 18 ^th century included everything except:

1 points

Question 9

Some of the reasons the job market is very good for the new optometrist include which of the following?

1 points

Question 10

As a group, which of the following is the best-known and largest single employer of health workers?

1 points

Question 11

Which of the following industries was one of the largest in 2013 (and projected to generate 4.1 million new jobs between 2012 and 2022)?

Case StudiesWhen the average person thinks of network security within a school, they often think of the student trying to hack into the system to change their grade, to see if they can take over their friend’s computer, or to put a prank up on the school website.

In light of the current network dangers these may be some of least of the school system worries.All of the following cases are based upon real situations. Read all of the case studies below and for answer the following questions for each of the three case studies:

 What should be the very first course of action?

 Should the public be informed about the situation? If so, how will their trust be regained?

 What steps should be taken to prevent similar attacks in the future?

 What are the ethical issues of this situation?

 How should students be dealt with if they were the people initiating the attack?

Breached Passwords

There are many ways for people to get passwords. What they do once they have them can be devastating. The important first step in data security is for everyone to take password security seriously. Choosing good passwords, not posting it on your computer, making sure no one is looking when you are typing it in are all simple steps in password security.

Brute force

Hackers used brute force password cracking program to break into the district’s computers and initiated a batch of bogus transfers out of the school’s payroll account. The transfers were kept below $10,000 to avoid the anti-money laundering reporting requirements. The hackers had almost 20 accomplices they had hired through work at home job scams. Over $100,000 was successfully removed from the account. Two days later a school employee noticed the bogus payments. Unfortunately, unlike consumers who typically have up to 60 days from the receipt of a monthly statement to dispute any unauthorized charges, organizations and companies have roughly two business days to spot and dispute unauthorized activity. This is because school organizations that bank online fall under the Uniform Commercial Code. Due to this law, the district was able to get less than $20,000 of the transfers reversed.

Shoulder surfing

A former student “shoulder surfed” (physically observed) the password of an employee while still in high school. After graduating, he used this information to get into the district’s student information system. From there, he gained access to a different district’s payroll data including birth dates, social security numbers, and bank account information of 5000 current and former employees. This information was then used for identity theft purposes including requesting and using credit cards, creating checks and altering bank account information. The perpetrator was caught and arrested after attempting to use a fake check at a local store. At a cost of $62,000 the district gave all of the affected employees fraud prevention and resolution services. According to the district superintendent, the district suffered “damage to our reputation with the public and our employees. Hundreds of hours were spent investigating the extent of the compromised data and developing the plans and procedures to protect staff from further exposure to fraud.... answering employee questions and preparing internal and external communications. It is impossible to measure lost productivity as employees worried about their financial security and work to change bank account and payroll information.

"Key logger

A group of students installed a keystroke-tracking program (this could also fall under malware or student hacking) on computers at their high school to grab the usernames and passwords of about 10% of the students, teachers, parents, and administrators that use the system. The students then used this password information to access the system to change grades for themselves and others. They did not seem to do anything else to the system while they had access.

For years, parents, students, and teachers complained that nobody listened, that decisions were made without participation, and that good ideas went unacknowl- edged. A needs analysis that involved a survey of teachers and students confirmed that these problems were widespread. Carlos DaSilva, who was recently appointed trainer at the school board and had a strong background in teaching, had to address the communications problem as his first assignment. He designed what he considered to be an excellent three- day communications program. He spent months on the design: finding videos, exercises, and games that taught active listening, upward communication, brain- storming, and other areas identified in the survey. Carlos was excited to deliver his new training program and was sure that the participants would like it. On the first day, Carlos began with a brief introduction on the importance of communication, followed by a lecture on communication channels. Afterwards, he showed a video about manager–employee communica- tion problems and how to improve communication. This was followed by a discus- sion of the key points in the video and what the trainees might do to improve their communication skills. On day two of the training program, Carlos began with a lecture on brain- storming. He then had trainees participate in a group brainstorming exercise. Each group had to brainstorm as many ideas as possible for improving communication in the school board. Afterwards, the groups presented their ideas followed by a discussion of the most creative ways to improve communication with teachers, students, and parents. On the third day of the training program, Carlos began with a lecture on active listening. Trainees then participated in an exercise in which they had to develop a message and then communicate it to the other trainees. At the end of the exercise, each trainee had to recall the message sent by the other trainees. This was followed by a discussion of how to be a more effective listener and tips on active listening. Carlos ended the training program by having trainees participate in a commu- nication game. First, he had trainees complete a self-assessment of how they send messages and the channels they use for communication. Then groups of trainees had to develop a message that they would communicate to the other groups. Each group had to determine the best way for their message to reach the other groups as accurately and quickly as possible. At the end of the game, each group read out the message they received from the other groups. Carlos then scored each group in terms of the accuracy of the message received by the other groups and how long it took for each group to receive the message. The game was a lot of fun for the participants, who left the training program on a high. Carlos thanked them for attending the program and encouraged them to apply what they learned in training when they returned to work. The trainees applauded Carlos and thanked him for providing such an enjoyable training experience. Two months after the training program, Carlos was sitting at his desk, thinking about his meeting scheduled for 2 p.m. with the school board superintendent. He was looking forward to the meeting, knowing that he would be praised for the suc- cessful interactive communications program he had designed and delivered. However, the meeting with the superintendent went poorly. Although some par- ticipants had loved the exercises and games in the communications course, most had not changed their work behaviour. Furthermore, a review of the situation showed that the old problems persisted and communication remained a serious problem at the school board. Carlos did not know what to say or what he should do. Several days later, Carlos approached some of the participants who had attended the training program and asked them how things were going. One par- ticipant laughed and said, “Well that was a lot of fun, but training is training and work is work. Besides, nothing ever changes around here.” Carlos asked her what she meant and she explained to him that supervisors don’t get it and continued to call the shots. “The only thing they know about communication is downward,” she said. “Maybe they should have attended your training program!

2. Discuss some of the barriers to transfer that might be operating at the school board. Who is responsible for these barriers and when do they occur during the training process?

3. Describe some of the things that Carlos might have done before, during, and after the training program to improve the transfer of training. What could the trainees and supervisors have been asked to do before, during, and after training to improve transfer?

4. Discuss the training transfer climate and the transfer system at the school board. How might they have contributed to the transfer problem?

For a random sample of 18 recent business school graduates beginning their first job, the mean starting salary was found to be $39,500, and the sample standard deviation was $9,500. Assuming the population is normally distributed, find the margin of error of a 95% confidence interval for the population mean.

For a random sample of 17 recent business school graduates beginning their first job, the mean starting salary was found to be $39,500, and the sample standard deviation was $8,500. Assuming the population is normally distributed, find the margin of error of a 90% confidence interval for the population mean.