Experiment 1: Neutralization of Acids and Bases

Data Tables and Post-Lab Assessment

Table 2: Initial Litmus Test Results

Table 3: Neutralization

Post-Lab Questions

State your hypothesis (developed in Step 8) here. Be sure to include what you think the pH will be, and why.

What is a neutralization reaction?

When might neutralization reactions be used in a laboratory setting?

At what point was the solution in beaker “B” neutralized?

What do you think would have been the results if a stronger solution of sodium bicarbonate was used? Would it take more or less to neutralize? What about a weaker concentration of sodium bicarbonate?   

Question 12.5 pts

Why are theories stronger and more reliable than hypotheses?

Group of answer choices

because they are based on many experimentally tested hypotheses

because they have a control group

because we believe in them more

Flag this Question

Question 22.5 pts

Which of the following lists correctly presents levels of organization from simplest to most complex?

Group of answer choices

molecules, cells, populations, ecosystems

biosphere, atoms, communities, organisms

organs, organ systems, organelles, organisms

Flag this Question

Question 32.5 pts

What is the main purpose of conducting experiments?

Group of answer choices

making initial observations

proving a theory

disproving a hypothesis

Flag this Question

Question 42.5 pts

A scientist observes that when she opens the back door of her house to let her cat out, the songs of a certain species of bird abruptly change. She wants to follow up on her observations with an informal experiment. Which of the following is the best hypothesis for explaining the birds’ song changes?

Group of answer choices

The scientist is mistaken and the songs do not change.

The bird species switches from song to warning call whenever it sees a potential predator.

The bird species has a variety of songs that it sings, regardless of what is happening in its environment.

Flag this Question

Question 52.5 pts

A scientist wishes to test a new antibiotic’s ability to treat stubborn bacterial infections. He tests his hypothesis that the antibiotic works better than existing treatments by giving bacterial infections to mice and treating them with the antibiotic. He then determines how many of the mice recover from their infections. What is missing from his experimental design?

Group of answer choices

He is missing a control group of mice that received a half dose of the new antibiotic.

He is missing a control group of mice that did not receive the new antibiotic.

Nothing is missing—he has done everything he needs to do for this to be a successful experiment.

Flag this Question

Question 62.5 pts

Which one of these levels of biological organization included all others in the list.

Group of answer choices

cell

tissue

molecule

organ

Flag this Question

Question 72.5 pts

To which of the three domains of life do human beings belong to?

Group of answer choices

Bacteria

Archaea

Eukarya

Flag this Question

Question 82.5 pts

A scientist discovers a putative new life form and notes that the creature’s body is bilaterally symmetrical and consequently satisfies the criteria for defining life in which of the following categories?

Group of answer choices

order

growth and development

none, symmetry is not a basic characteristic of life

Flag this Question

Question 92.5 pts

A scientist wants to determine whether a new chemical she isolated can cure a certain disease. To test her hypothesis that the new chemical cures the disease more effectively than current treatments, she infects mice with the disease and gives them the new chemical. She then assesses how many mice were cured of the disease. What is missing from her experimental design?

Group of answer choices

She is not missing anything—her experimental design is adequate to test her hypothesis.

She is missing a control group of mice that received a half dose of the new chemical.

She is missing a control group of mice that did not receive the new chemical.

Flag this Question

Question 102.5 pts

The attempt to disprove a hypothesis is accomplished by which of the following tasks?

Group of answer choices

conducting experiments

making initial observations

proposing a theory

Flag this Question

Question 112.5 pts

The chemical bond between amino acids is called a _______ bond.

Group of answer choices

phosphodiester

peptide

hydrogen

Flag this Question

Question 122.5 pts

Water molecules have one oxygen atom that is more electronegative than the two hydrogen atoms bound to it. As a result, which type of bonding holds water molecules together?

Group of answer choices

non-polar covalent bonding

polar covalent bonding

ionic bonding

Flag this Question

Question 132.5 pts

Which of the following is not a component of a nucleotide?

Group of answer choices

sugar

phosphate

fatty acid

nitrogenous base

Flag this Question

Question 142.5 pts

Proteins with more than one polypeptide chain are said to have a ______ structure.

Group of answer choices

secondary

primary

tertiary

quaternary

Flag this Question

Question 152.5 pts

Explain why cooked egg white never turns back into the clear egg white seen in a raw egg.

Group of answer choices

because the denaturing of the egg proteins is not reversible

because the protein is denatured in cooked egg white

because the protein is denatured in raw egg white

Flag this Question

Question 162.5 pts

Atoms that gain or lose electrons are known as:

Group of answer choices

ions

elements

molecules

Flag this Question

Question 172.5 pts

Why are humans unable to digest cellulose?

Group of answer choices

Cellulose is made of glucose molecules connected by α 1-4 glycosidic linkages.

Cellulose is made of glucose molecules connected by β 1-4 glycosidic linkages.

Cellulose is made of glucose molecules connected by α 1-6 glycosidic linkages.

Flag this Question

Question 182.5 pts

What level of protein structure is associated the alpha helix and beta-pleated sheet?

Group of answer choices

tertiary

quaternary

primary

secondary

Flag this Question

Question 192.5 pts

Fatty acids are a component of what type of macromolecule?

Group of answer choices

lipids

nucleic acids

complex carbohydrates

Flag this Question

Question 202.5 pts

The “backbones” of the macromolecules of life made of what element?

Group of answer choices

oxygen

carbon

nitrogen

Flag this Question

Question 212.5 pts

Which choice is not classified as a eukaryote

Group of answer choices

plant

protist

fungus

bacteria

animal

Flag this Question

Question 222.5 pts

When viewing a specimen through a light microscope, scientists use ______________ to distinguish the individual components of cells.

Group of answer choices

radioactive

special stains

a beam of electrons

high temperatures

Flag this Question

Question 232.5 pts

Which of the following is found in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

Group of answer choices

ribosome

mitochondrion

vacuole

nucleus

Flag this Question

Question 242.5 pts

Inside which organelle are secreted proteins often usually synthesized?

Group of answer choices

endoplasmic reticulum

Golgi body

nucleus

Flag this Question

Question 252.5 pts

Which of the following is not a component of the endomembrane system?

Group of answer choices

Golgi apparatus

lysosome

mitochondrion

endoplasmic reticulum

Flag this Question

Question 262.5 pts

A typical prokaryotic cell _________________ compared to a eukaryotic cell.

Group of answer choices

is smaller in size by a factor of 100

is smaller in size by a factor of one million

is similar in size

is larger in size by a factor of 10.

Flag this Question

Question 272.5 pts

Water moves via osmosis ______________.

Group of answer choices

throughout the cytoplasm

from an area with a high concentration of solutes to a lower one.

from an area with a low concentration of water to one of higher concentration

from an area with a low concentration of solutes to an area with a higher one

Flag this Question

Question 282.5 pts

Which of the following carbohydrates is used to store energy in animal cells?

Group of answer choices

glycogen

cellulose

starch

Flag this Question

Question 292.5 pts

Active transport must function continuously because _______.

Group of answer choices

cells must be in constant motion

diffusion is constantly moving the solutes in the other direction

facilitated diffusion opposes active transport

plasma membranes wear out.

Flag this Question

Question 302.5 pts

Which type of microscope can be used to view cellular organelles such as the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus?

Group of answer choices

scanning electron microscope

light microscope

transmission electron microscope

Flag this Question

Question 312.5 pts

What process make bread dough rise?

Group of answer choices

oxidative phosphorylation

fermentation

glycolysis

Flag this Question

Question 322.5 pts

Cellular respiration in eukaryotes begins in the _____________ but is completed in the ____________.

Group of answer choices

mitochondrion; cytoplasm

nucleus; endoplasmic reticulum

cytoplasm; mitochondrion

Golgi body; nucleus

Flag this Question

Question 332.5 pts

Which of the following fermentation methods can occur in animal skeletal muscles?

Group of answer choices

lactic acid fermentation

alcohol fermentation

propionic fermentation

mixed acid fermentation

Flag this Question

Question 342.5 pts

What do the electrons added to NAD+ do?

Group of answer choices

They go to another pathway for ATP production.

They become part of a fermentation pathway.

They are converted into NADP.

They energize the entry of the acetyl group into the citric acid cycle.

Flag this Question

Question 352.5 pts

Before the citric acid cycle begins a molecule of pyruvate is decarboxylated. This means that a molecule of _________ is removed from pyruvate to form acetyl Co A.

Group of answer choices

H₂O₂

H₂0

CO₂

H₂S

Flag this Question

Question 362.5 pts

This chemical reaction C₆ H₁₂ O₆ + 6O₂-->6H₂ O + 6CO₂ is classified as a________________, and as a________________ reaction

Group of answer choices

catabolic

endergonic

exergonic

anabolic

Flag this Question

Question 372.5 pts

Enzymes change the free energy of the chemical reaction that they catalyze?

Group of answer choices

True

False

Flag this Question

Question 382.5 pts

Energy of motion, or energy doing work is called _______________ energy.

Group of answer choices

potential

kinetic

heat

Flag this Question

Question 392.5 pts

The following chemical reaction 6CO₂ + 6H₂O-->C₆ H₁₂ O₆ + 6O₂ may be described as

Group of answer choices

exergonic

catabolic

endergonic

anabolic

Flag this Question

Question 402.5 pts

The small amount of energy that is required for all chemical reactions to occur is called

Group of answer choices

kinetic energy

potential energy

activation energy

thermal energy

A company reported the following numbers for the most recent fiscal year:

During the year, the company reported capital expenditures of $250 and an increase in net working capital of $40. The tax rate is 30%. Assume that we know the following:
• The company’s FCF will grow at 8% per year for the next five years.
• The company’s current cost of capital is 12%, which will stay at that level for the next 5 years.
• The company maintains a stable dividend policy, i.e., its payout ratio stays the same for all future years.
• At the end of year 5, the company is expected to become a mature business, facing a cost of capital of 8% (mature company levels). It will also maintain a constant debt-to-equity ratio (sustainable growth).
• At the end of year 5, the company is expected to have an ROE of 4%, and an ROA of 3%.

Assume also for simplicity that all cash flows are nominal and risky, and they occur at the end of the periods.

What is the FCF at year 3?                            [ Select ]                       ["$265", "$314", "$245", "None of the above", "$277"]      

Estimate the company’s terminal value at the end of year 5 from future FCFs.                            [ Select ]                       ["None of the above", "3,161", "2,990", "5,284", "4,861"]      

Tariffs never make small countries better off, but there are cases where they can make a large country
better off. Draw side-by-side graphs for a good (call it “toothpicks”) where the small country can produce
the good at a lower price than the large country. In this problem:
SA : P =5 + 1.1Q
DA : P =14 − 1.1Q
SB : P =2 + 1.1Q
DB : P =10 − 1.1Q
Note that there is a worked example similar to this in the lesson. DO NOT just copy what was done
in the lesson. Think through the problem independently and be sure to explain your notation.
a) (5 points) Which country is the small country? How do you know?
b) (15 points) Show the domestic price and quantity in each market, free trade price (needs to be the
same in both countries), and the imports and exports in both countries. Be sure to label prices and
quantities on your graph.
c) (10 points) The large country imposes a tariff of T = $1.00 resulting in a domestic price that is below
its autarky price. What happens to the world price after this tariff? Why? Note: you do not need to
calculate actual numbers for this part.
d) (10 points) Show the tariff on the graph. How much is imported now? How much is exported?
e) (10 points) Show on the graph (and describe in words) how you would know if this tariff is welfare-
enhancing

You are a fraud examiner tasked with investigating an embezzlement scheme at a local manufacturer company. An employee from the accounting department was able to hack into the company's network from his home computer and access the passwords for other employees. He then used an employee's log in information and accessed the vendor master file where he created multiple fake vendors. Once the vendors were set up he began submitted invoices from his work computer and then subsequently authorized and processed payments to these vendors. Certain managers emailed him about some unusual costs but he was able to explain each concern without raising suspicions. He emailed several friends and used there home addresses for these vendors and promised to give them a percentage of the money. Prepare a 3-4 page paper addressing the following items: 1. What is computer forensic and how is this area helpful to fraud examiners? 2. How might you use computer forensics to investigate the above case? 3. What evidence would you gather with computer forensics tools. 4. What types of data analytics will be helpful to you? 5. What DA tests would you run and why? What evidence would you hope to collect? 6. What challenges are presented when using computer forensics?

import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;

/**
 *
 *
 * 
 * 
 * Lab Project 9: Rock, Paper, Scissors
 *
 * @authors *** Replace with your names here ***
 */
public class lab
{
  // global named constant for random number generator
  static Random gen = new Random();
  
  // global named constants for game choices
  static final int ROCK = 1;
  static final int PAPER = 2;
  static final int SCISSORS = 3;
  
  // global names constants for game outcomes
  static final int PLAYER1_WINS = 11;
  static final int PLAYER2_WINS = 12;
  static final int DRAW = 3;
  
  // global named constant for error condition
  static final int ERROR = -1;
  
  /**
   * 1. Get human player's choice
   * 2. Get computer player's (random) choice
   * 3. Check human player's choice
   * 4. Check computer player's choice
   * 5. Announce winner
   */
  public static void main(String[] args)
  {
    Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in);
    PrintStream output = System.out;
    
    int player1, player2;
    
    // get player 1 input as 1 (rock), 2 (paper or 3 (scissors)
    output.print("Choose 1 (rock), 2 (paper), or 3 (scissors): ");
    player1 = scan.nextInt();
    
    /* Lab 9.1
     *
     * *** Add code here to validate that player1 has entered
     *     an integer between 1 and 3
     *     otherwise, ABORT the program
     */
    
    
    // echo human player's choice
    System.out.print(" You chose ");
    if (player1 == ROCK) { System.out.println("rock"); }
    else if (player1 == PAPER) { System.out.println("paper"); }
    else { System.out.println("scissors"); }
    
    // now computer picks one randomly
    
    output.println("Now I choose one ...");
    
    /*
     Lab 9.2
     
     *** Add code to and un-comment the following line so that
     player2 is set to a random integer between 1 and 3,
     using the gen Random object, ALREADY DECLARED AS
     A GLOBAL VARIABLE:
     */
    
    // player2 = ...;
    
    System.out.print(" I choose ");
    
    /* Lab 9.3
     *
     * *** Add code here to output the computer's choice
     *     as "rock", "paper" or "scissors"
     */
    
    
    
    /* Lab 9.4
     *
     * *** Add code below to compare player input against
     *     computer's choice and output results:
     *
     *     if human player chose ROCK:
     *       call rockChoice method with computer choice
     *       output the game's outcome (returned from rockChoice)
     *     otherwise, if human player chose PAPER:
     *       call paperChoice method with computer choice
     *       output the game's outcome (returned from paperChoice)
     *    otherwise, if human player chose SCISSORS:
     *       call scissorcChoice method with computer choice
     *       output the game's outcome (returned from scissorcChoice)
     */
    
    
  } // end main
  
  
  /**
   * Lab 9.5
   * 
   * rockChoice(int) -> int
   * 
   * method consumes the computer player's choice (ROCK, PAPER or SCISSORS),
   *   assuming the human player has chosen ROCK
   * method produces game outcome (PLAYER1_WINS, PLAYER2_WINS, or DRAW)
   * 
   * ex1: rockChoice(ROCK) -> DRAW
   * ex2: rockChoice(PAPER) -> PLAYER2_WINS
   * ex3: rockChoice(SCISSORS) -> PLAYER1_WINS
   * ex4: rockChoice(0) -> ERROR
   * ex5: rockChoice(-1) -> ERROR
   * ex6: rockChoice(4) -> ERROR
   * 
   * *** ADD METHOD CODE HERE ***
   */
  
  
  /**
   * Lab 9.6
   * 
   * paperChoice(int) -> int
   * 
   * method consumes the computer player's choice (ROCK, PAPER or SCISSORS),
   *   assuming the human player has chosen PAPER
   * method produces game outcome (PLAYER1_WINS, PLAYER2_WINS, or DRAW)
   * 
   * ex1: paperChoice(ROCK) -> PLAYER1_WINS
   * ex2: paperChoice(PAPER) -> DRAW
   * ex3: paperChoice(SCISSORS) -> PLAYER2_WINS
   * ex4: paperChoice(0) -> ERROR
   * ex5: paperChoice(-1) -> ERROR
   * ex6: paperChoice(4) -> ERROR
   * 
   * *** ADD METHOD CODE HERE ***
   */
  
  
  /**
   * Lab 9.7
   * 
   * scissorsChoice(int) -> int
   * 
   * method consumes the computer player's choice (ROCK, PAPER or SCISSORS),
   *   assuming the human player has chosen SCISSORS
   * method produces game outcome (PLAYER1_WINS, PLAYER2_WINS, or DRAW)
   * 
   * ex1: scissorsChoice(ROCK) -> PLAYER2_WINS
   * ex2: scissorsChoice(PAPER) -> PLAYER1_WINS
   * ex3: scissorsChoice(SCISSORS) -> DRAW
   * ex4: scissorsChoice(0) -> ERROR
   * ex5: scissorsChoice(-1) -> ERROR
   * ex6: scissorsChoice(4) -> ERROR
   * 
   * *** ADD METHOD CODE HERE ***
   */
  
  
} // end class lab

13. The envelope of a virus is derived from the host's                                                                                   

A. nucleic acids   

B. membrane structures          

C. cytoplasm       

D. genome

14. Specificity of viruses to different types of cells is due to______sites on the host cell.                  

A. prophage                   

B. receptor               

C. transduction                                                                                                             

D. penetration              

E. transcription

15. In the growth curve of plaque-forming units, the time from infection until lysis is known as_________.    A. Eclipse period   

B. Rise period              

C. Burst period            

D. Latent period

16. Negative-sense ssRNA viruses require which of the following enzymes for their replication?                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          

A. DNA polymerase                                                            

B. Lysozyme                                                                                                                        

C. RNA-dependent RNA transcriptase                           

D. Reverse transcriptase