Circle the cause/effect structure. Underline the causes and double underline the effects.

1. Based at years of scientific data, the majority of climate scientists now support the idea that climate change is a result of human activity.

2.   One effect of a mother’s heavy alcohol during pregnancy is a baby born with low birthweight.

3.   Bullying, which can be defined as the use of violent actions and / or threatening language to cause physical, social, or psychological harm, is a common cause of depression, social isolation, and low school performance in middle school students.

4. The theory of Natural Selection states that organisms change as a response to changes in their environment.

5. Regular visits to green spaces such as parks, forests, and rural areas have a positive effect on people’s moods.

6. Strong academic performance in elementary school is often attributed to the parents’ readiness to help their children with homework.

7. The overall health of a nation is directly linked to the health of the population. Therefore, governments need to take measures to ensure the people are healthy.

8. Because of extensive time living in China, some native speakers of English are highly proficient in Chinese.

9. Early voter registration usually results in better voter turnout.

10. Wet environments and hot weather are two factors that contribute to insect-borne illnesses.

Circle the cause/effect structure. Underline the causes and double underline the effects.

1. Based at years of scientific data, the majority of climate scientists now support the idea that climate change is a result of human activity.

2.   One effect of a mother’s heavy alcohol during pregnancy is a baby born with low birthweight.

3.   Bullying, which can be defined as the use of violent actions and / or threatening language to cause physical, social, or psychological harm, is a common cause of depression, social isolation, and low school performance in middle school students.

4. The theory of Natural Selection states that organisms change as a response to changes in their environment.

5. Regular visits to green spaces such as parks, forests, and rural areas have a positive effect on people’s moods.

6. Strong academic performance in elementary school is often attributed to the parents’ readiness to help their children with homework.

7. The overall health of a nation is directly linked to the health of the population. Therefore, governments need to take measures to ensure the people are healthy.

8. Because of extensive time living in China, some native speakers of English are highly proficient in Chinese.

9. Early voter registration usually results in better voter turnout.

10. Wet environments and hot weather are two factors that contribute to insect-borne illnesses.

a) At the supermarket, milk costs $2 per quart while cereal costs $5 per box.

1. In a diagram, measuring quarts of milk along the horizontal axis, draw the budget constraint of a consumer with an overall cash budget of $20.

2. In the diagram, illustrate how the consumer’s budget constraint changes if there is a two-for-one sale on cereal.

3. In the diagram, illustrate how the consumer’s budget constraint changes if the two-for-one sale on cereal applies only to the first 4 boxes.

b) A high-school student has a monthly budget of $80 to spend on music and burritos. Burritos cost $8 each, while songs are free after paying the Spotify monthly fee of $9.99.

1. In a diagram, measuring songs along the horizontal axis, draw the high-school student’s budget constraint.

c) A family has an yearly income of $50,000 to spend on the kids’ education or on all other goods.

1. In a diagram measuring dollars spent on education along the horizontal axis and dollars spent on all other goods along the vertical axis, draw the family’s budget constraint.

2. In your diagram, draw the family’s budget constraint if the family must pay a 10% income tax but receives a $5,000 school voucher.

Research results suggest a relationship between TV viewing habits of 5-year old children and their future performance at high school. Wright and Collins (1998) reported that children who regularly watched Sesame Street as children receives better grades than those had not watched the show as children. Suppose another researcher wants to replicate this study on 20 high school children. The researcher first surveyed the parents of the students to obtain information about their TV viewing habits during the times that the students were 5 years old. Based on the survey results researcher selects a sample of n=10 with a history of watching Sesame Street and n=10 that did not watch the program. The average high school grade is recorded for each student and the data are as follows:

How would the researcher test if there were a significant difference between the two groups of students? Use JASP to conduct an independent sample t-test. Write all the steps of hypothesis testing using t-test (as shown in the handout) and attach the document (WORD DOC) here.  

Jose and Emily work as auditors for the state of Texas. They have been assigned to the audit of the Lone Star School District. There have been some problems with audit documentation for the travel and entertainment reimbursement claims of the manager of the school district. The manager knows about the concerns of Jose and Emily, and he approaches them about the matter. The following Conversations takes place:

Manager: Listen, I've requested the documentation you asked for, but the hotel says it's no longer in its system.

Jose: Don't you have the credit card receipt or credit card statement?

Manager: I paid cash.

Jose: What about a copy of the hotel bill?

Manager: I threw it out.

Emily: That's a problem. We have to document all your travel and entertainment expenses for the city manager's office.

Manager: Well, I can't produce documents that the hotel can't find. What do you want me to do?

Questions: Multiple Choice

The manager seems to be failing in regard to which Pillar of Character?

A. Caring

B. Respect

C. Responsibility

D. Fairness

If Jose and Emily decide to report this incident to the school, they would be operating under which Pillar of Character?

A. Caring

B. Respect

C. Responsibility

D. Fairness

In 2002 the Supreme Court ruled that schools could require random drug tests of students participating in competitive after-school activities such as athletics. Does drug testing reduce use of illegal drugs? A study compared two similar high schools in Oregon. Wahtonka High School tested athletes at random and Warrenton High School did not. In a confidential survey, 8 of 132 athletes at Wahtonka and 29 of 111 athletes at Warrenton said they were using drugs. Regard these athletes as SRSs from the populations of athletes at similar schools with and without drug testing.

(a) You should not use the large-sample confidence interval. Why not?
Choose a reason. The sample sizes are too small. The sample sizes are not identical. The sample proportions are too small. At least one sample has too few failures. At least one sample has too few successes.

(b) The plus four method adds two observations, a success and a failure, to each sample. What are the sample sizes and the numbers of drug users after you do this?

Wahtonka sample size:      Wahtonka drug users:  
Warrenton sample size:      Warrenton drug users:

(c) Give the plus four 99.9% confidence interval for the difference between the proportion of athletes using drugs at schools with and without testing.
Interval:  to

Ten years ago the mean Math SAT score of all high school students who took the test in a small high school was 490, with a standard deviation of 80. This year, a researcher took the scores of a random sample of 16 students in the high school who took the SAT.
The mean score of these 16 students is (X bar) = 530. In addition, the researcher assumes that the population standard deviation continues to be σ = 80. The researcher will test if there is evidence that the scores in the district have changed with two approaches: (i) test of significance; and (ii) confidence interval.

1. Find H0 and Ha

2.z statistics

3.p value

4.What are your statistical conclusion and its interpretation? Use significance level, α = 0.05 (or 5%).

5.Find a 95% confidence interval for µ and interpret it. ( lower and upper bound)

6.Based on the hypotheses obtained in (a) and your 95% confidence interval for µ in (e), what is your conclusion? Is it the same as the conclusion of the test, i.e., (d)? Explain.

7.The researcher feels that the confidence interval for µ is too wide. So the researcher wonders how to increase of precision by decreasing the size of the confidence interval for µ. If the researcher can control only its sample size, what should be the researcher’s choice? How does it work? Explain.

In 2002 the Supreme Court ruled that schools could require random drug tests of students participating in competitive after-school activities such as athletics. Does drug testing reduce use of illegal drugs? A study compared two similar high schools in Oregon. Wahtonka High School tested athletes at random and Warrenton High School did not. In a confidential survey, 5 of 140 athletes at Wahtonka and 25 of 102 athletes at Warrenton said they were using drugs. Regard these athletes as SRSs from the populations of athletes at similar schools with and without drug testing.

(a) You should not use the large-sample confidence interval. Why not?
Choose a reason. The sample sizes are too small. The sample sizes are not identical. The sample proportions are too small. At least one sample has too few failures. At least one sample has too few successes.

(b) The plus four method adds two observations, a success and a failure, to each sample. What are the sample sizes and the numbers of drug users after you do this?

Wahtonka sample size:      Wahtonka drug users:  
Warrenton sample size:      Warrenton drug users:

(c) Give the plus four 95% confidence interval for the difference between the proportion of athletes using drugs at schools with and without testing.
Interval: to

1. A researcher has gathered information from a survey of 25 randomly selected university campuses. From this data, it was reported that the average number of reported sexual assaults on these campuses in the last year was 12 with a standard deviation of 3. Calculate a 95% confidence interval to estimate the average number of sexual assaults on Canadian university campuses as a whole. Remember to report your confidence interval in a complete sentence and describe what it means. (15%)

2. A survey was conducted at Acadia on attitudes toward the campus alcohol policy against drinking games in residence with 262 randomly selected residence students. In response to the question, “Are you in favour of the drinking games policy?” 25% were in favour. What is the 99% confidence interval to estimate the percentage of all Acadia residence students regarding the drinking game policy? Remember to report your confidence interval in a complete sentence and describe what it means. (15%)

3. School boards in Nova Scotia, on average receive a budget of $623.00 per student from the provincial government. A random sample of 45 rural schools report that they received on average $605 per student with a standard deviation of $74. Is there a significant difference in the budgets between rural schools and the whole province? (20%)

This question is an example of statistical research using hypothesis testing. You will need to use the 5 step model of hypothesis testing to test for significance at a=.05.

• State assumptions

• State the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis
• State the appropriate hypothesis test for each question and determine your critical scores for testing significance at .05
• Calculate your test statistic making sure you show your formulas
• Interpret your results using complete sentences indicating is significance was determined

4. Nationally, the unemployment rate for teenage males is 18%. A random sample of 323 teenage males in your area reveals an unemployment rate of 21.7%. Are our local teens more likely to be unemployed?   (20%) This question is an example of statistical research using hypothesis testing. You will need to use the 5 step model of hypothesis testing to test for significance at a=.01.

• State assumptions

• State the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis
• State the appropriate hypothesis test for each question and determine your critical scores for testing significance at .01
• Calculate your test statistic making sure you show your formulas
• Interpret your results using complete sentences indicating is significance was determined

USING SPSS

5. What is the 99% confidence interval for the proportion of Canadians that have more than a high-school education? For this question you will need to use your data (your sample of Canadian) from the Canadian Community Health Survey. Use the variable (EDUDH04), create a new variable where 1=more than high school, and 0= every other VALID response. Calculate the statistics you need to construct your confidence internal, and then calculate the interval by hand by using the appropriate formula. (20%)

Copy and past a frequency table of your dummy variable (make sure your new variable is labelled) into your assignment. Copy and paste your statistics box. Write your answer in a complete sentence and describe what it means.