public managment

The Government of Andhra Pradesh[India], in its endeavor to provide simple, moral, accountable, responsive and transparent governance to its people, launched ‘SMART GOVERNMENT’ (Smartgov) at the secretariat level. This project resulted in an automatic workflow in the secretariat and ensured not only internal efficiency but also provided an effective tool for performance evaluation. With it the leitmotif came to be efficacy. In Smartgov, on receipt of a document, it is scanned to generate a number for the file and is e- mailed to the concerned officer. The official notings are done electronically. The system being automatic enforces the desired checks and balances. It curtails negativism and over rides all hurdles of resistance and opposition to change.

The project Smartgov has helped in introducing paper less file processing system in the Andhra Pradesh secretariat. It has not only helped in reducing the time consumed in processing the files, but also significantly improved the quality of decisions besides decrease corruption.

The new governance improvisations/systems because of their faster, efficacious, efficient and effective remedial implications have evoked a positive response from the public in general and the administrative set up in particular speaks volumes for its acceptability. It can, thus, be safely inferred that the total success of effecting changes can only be ensured if it is preceded with requisite training and orientation programmes for the end users. This will minimize resistance.

Answer the questions :

1. What are Performance Improvement Indicators? How ‘Smartgov’ is an effective tool for performance evaluation?

2. The corruption is one of the ethical issue prevails in the government offices. Discuss the need of ethics in government offices. How Smartgov will help in controlling corruption?

3. What are the benefits of information technology in Government Sector? Explain the ‘Smartgov’ systems efficiency.

Instructions to students:

* This assignment is an individual assignment.

* All students are encouraged to use their own word.

* Student must apply Harvard Referencing Style within their reports.

The word count for this assignment must be between 200 to 300 words each question.

How many words are in the Gettysburg Address?

Write a program that reads any text file, counts the number of characters, num- ber of letters and number of words in the file and displays the three counts.

To test your program, a text file containing Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address is included on the class moodle page.

Sample Run

Word, Letter, Character Count Program

Enter file name: GettysburgAddress.txt

Word Count      =  268
Letter Count    = 1149
Character Count = 1440

Do the following

1. To detect is a character ch is a letter use the following if statement if ch >= ‘A’ and ch <= ‘Z’ or ch >= ‘a’ and ch <= ‘z’:

   You may want to embed this “if statement” in a Boolean valued function (isLetter(ch)) that returns True if ch is a letter; otherwise it returns False

2. Ask the user for the file name.

3. For this assignment, the easiest way do the following three counts is to first input the text file as one very long string using the read() method. Don’t use readline() or readlines()here, unless using the read() method crashes the program.

4. The character count is simply the length of the string you input from Step 3 above. Use the len() function

1

5. To determine the letter count you will need to go through the string character by character using a for loop testing if each character is a letter or not. If it is a letter, increment a letter count variable.

6. Checking for the number of words is easily done using the split method for strings (see page 136 for details). Recall that string.split( ) was used to break up a date such as “10/25/2016” into a list of three strings. That is "10/25/20165".split("/") returns the list ["10", "25", "2016"].

   By default if no “split” character is given, the string will be split wherever a space occurs. This makes it perfect to split a text string into a list of individual words which then can be counted by using the len() to get the length of the list.

7. Output your three counts using string formatting to properly line up your three counts and close the file

write the pseudocode to process these tasks:

1. From the random module import randint to roll each die randomly
   1. # in pseudocode, import a random function
   2. # the name is helpful for the next M5-2 assignment
2. Define a class called Dice
   1. In Python, the syntax has a colon after it: class Dice():
   2. In pseudocode, you can specify it generally or be specific
3. Under the class declaration, list the attributes. Here are some tips:
   1. # attributes are what we know about a single die (dice is plural)
   2. # self is the first attribute in Python and must always appear first
   3. # add a num_sides attribute and to set it to 6 for the 6 sides on the dice
4. Define a method for roll(self)
   1. # it describes what happens when we roll a single die
   2. # in the code, it will look like this example
      1. def __init__(self, dice_sides=6):
      2. # in pseudocode, we do not worry about the punctuation
      3. # just list it as part of your logic
5. Under roll(self), return a random int value between 1 and self.dice_sides
6. Save this file as M5Lab1ii - you can save it as MS Word or a text file.

For the second module, write the pseudocode to complete these tasks:

1. In the same M5Lab1ii file, start a second module below the first module.
2. From a new dice module, import our Dice class
3. Create a 6-sided die by using assignment # for example: dice = Dice()
4. Create an empty results list
5. Write a for statement that takes each roll_num in range() and rolls it 100 times
6. Set the value of result to dice.roll()
7. For each roll and append it to the results list using your list’s name and .append() with the variable for each dice roll inside the parameters for append(). For example:
   1. # yourlistname.append(result)
8. Refer to the name of your list within the print() parameter to print the results.
9. 100 dice rolls for the values 1-6 appear in a list on the Python shell.
10. Save the two modules in M5Lab1ii - you can save it as MS Word or a text file.

Type down (easy to copy and paste) your thoughts (ie, agree or disagree and why ? ) after reading the following paragraph. (must be 5 sentences, 1 paragraph. 150-250 words)

There are many disasters and unfortunate occurrences that can all trace back to one possibly even small mistake. Events like these seem so incredulous to have been started by one person’s fault, but they do. Besides technological advancement, in the last few decades or so, I feel there has been a decrease in efficiency and productivity in our generation. Everyone is aware of how this current generation is the “every kid gets a trophy” generation, and I think that in an attempt to avoid flying too close to the sun, we have lost focus in actually carrying out exemplary work.

Bowers explains that “failure is a natural stepping stone” and that if we strive for perfection and fail on the way, we still should not stray from that path (Bowers, 2017). I feel that people may be scared by the word perfection for perfection literally means the absolute best. It may seem confusing how to know what is perfect or understand if something you have done is the best you can do. However, I think the heart if Bowers’s argument is in the word strive. If you have the mentality to be perfect or at least be determined to stay on a path towards perfection, I think you could find better results. Aside from the numbers, Bowers points out how 99% still results in mistakes which is exactly the reason why perfection is vital. Of course, there is no tangible measure of perfection for anything always has room for improvement. However, even starting with the mentality that something could always be improved would at least force you to continue working and creating new and better changes. I think this is the what it means to strive for perfection, and if everyone had the same perception, I do believe we would see many less errors in today’s world.

How the English language has evolved like a living creature

Some linguists think of language as a living thing: It grows and changes, and every time a child learns it, the language reproduces itself. Now, a team of researchers is using the analogy of evolution to explain language change, arguing that key factors in biological evolution—like natural selection and genetic drift—have parallels in how languages change over time. And it turns out that the random changes, known as “drift” in biology, may have played an outsized role in the evolution of the English language.

Historians of English have long acknowledged that social and cognitive factors shape language over time. For example, languages lose irregular verb conjugations or other word forms that are hard to remember. And certain words or pronunciations get used because they are associated with people who have status and power—think about how new arrivals adopt the local accent in order to fit in. These pressures on language are based on concrete factors, similar to the biological pressures of natural selection.

But that explanation didn’t satisfy University of Pennsylvania (UPenn) evolutionary biologist Joshua Plotkin. He was puzzled by oddities such as a growing preference for the word “clarity” over its synonym “clearness.” According to standard linguistic theory, “clearness” should be more common because adding “-ness” is an easy-to-remember rule for making a noun out of an adjective. But that’s not what happened in English. “As an outsider,” Plotkin says, “this increase seemed at odds with the notion that language … regularize[s] over time.” So he decided to roll up his sleeves and apply some theories from evolutionary biology.

With another evolutionary biologist and two linguists from UPenn, he analyzed three databases of historical English together containing more than 400 million words and ranging from 1100 C.E. to the 21st century. The researchers used statistical methods from population genetics to analyze three well-known changes in the English language: how past-tense verbs in American English have taken the “-ed” ending, (as when “spilt” became “spilled”), how the word “do” became an auxiliary verb in Early Modern English (as in “Did you sing?”), and how negative sentences were made in Old to Early Modern English.

They found that selection was the likely cause of how negative sentence structures changed over time (like how the Old English “Ic ne secge” became the Early Modern English “I say not”). But the two other changes were likely the results of random drift, they write today in a letter published in Nature. That’s because, rather than having an even rate of change, the frequencies of alternative forms changed in fits and starts—jagged fluctuations that were obvious in the data set. When it came to the verbs, they found that drift’s influence was stronger when the verb was less frequent. Only six past tense changes in their data set, such as “lighted” to “lit,” were deemed to have changed for purposeful reasons, such as being easier to learn and use.

Explain how the English language evolved

4.10 Branching Practice 2 - Python Exercise

#Write the code for the following
#Exercise 1
#Ask the user to input a name using an input statement (no prompt) and assign it to a variable
#Condition: user input is equal to 'Joseph'
#Action: display the user input on screen

#Exercise 2
#Ask the user to input his/her first name using an input statement (no prompt) and assign it to a variable
#Condition: user input is equal to 'Joseph'
#Action: display the following phrase (tip: use a concatenator): The name is: [user entered name]

#Exercise 3
#Ask the user to input his/her first name using an input statement (no prompt) and assign it to a variable
#Condition: user input is not equal to 'Joseph'
#Action: display the following phrase, The name is: [user entered name]
#Condition: All other conditions
#Action: display the following phrase as exact text: Expected name was Joseph!

#Exercise 4
#Ask the user to input a year using an input statement (no prompt) and assign it to a variable
#Convert the user input to an integer and assign it to a variable
#Condition: user entry is greater than or equal to 1996
#Action: display the following word on screen: GenZ
#Condition: user entry is greater than or equal to 1979
#Action: display the following word on screen: GenY
#Condition: user entry is greater than or equal to 1964
#Action: display the following word on screen: GenX
#Condition: all other conditions
#Action: display the following phrase on screen: Baby boomer or older

#Exercise 5
#Use an input statement to ask the user for his/her age (no prompt) and assign the user entry to a variable
#Convert the user input to an integer and assign it to a variable
#Write if-elif-else statements with the following conditions and actions
#Condition: user input less than or equal to 9 Action: display on screen: Only G is appropriate
#Condition: user input less than or equal to 12 Action: display on screen: Ok for PG
#Condition: user input less than or equal to 16 Action: display on screen: Ok for PG-13
#Condition: all other conditions Action: display on screen: Ok for R
#Regardless of condition, display the following as the last line: Thanks for checking!

#Exercise 6
#Use an input statement to ask the user for his/her age (no prompt) and assign the user entry to a variable
#Convert the user input to an integer and assign to a variable
#Write if-elif-else statements with the following conditions and actions
#Important: For each Action below, use the same variable name for the rating in all the if, elif, and else statements
#Condition: user input less than or equal to 9 Action: assign the letter G as a string to a variable
#Condition: user input less than or equal to 12 Action: assign the letters PG as a string to a variable
#Condition: user input less than or equal to 16 Action: assign the phrase PG-13 as a string to a variable
#Condition: all other conditions Action: assign the letter R as a string to a variable
#Use the + concatenator to display the following on screen
#(replace [rating] with the value of the variable where you stored the allowed rating):
#You are ok to view [rating] movies!
#Regardless of condition, display the following as the last line: Thanks for watching movies!

1) Understand the problem

2) Develop and Describe an Algorithm

3) Test Algorithm with Simple Inputs

4) Translate the Algorithm into Java

5) Compile and Test Your Program

1) Understand the problem

• A client (a person who wants a program developed) who owns a painting company has requested that you create a prototype program that calculates the cans of paint required to paint a wall based on surface area in square feet. Normally a staff member at the store interacts with the customer to ask for the amount of square feet to be painted as a whole number. The staff member then creates an order by noting the square feet, calculating the litres of paint and determining how many cans of paint will be needed. Paint is sold in whole cans only. Program outputs for an order are expected to be total square feet to be painted, litres of paint required, total whole cans of paint required. The program should output the name of the staff member processing the order. (For this assignment, this is you the student, your full name as in ACSIS).

  • The only paint that the company currently uses comes in 4 litre cans, and covers 400 square feet per can.

• Write out briefly how you would do each step, as if you were the staff member.

• Type this into your MS Word document as part of your submission.

2) Develop and Describe an Algorithm including Classes

• Examine the problem statement and determine what objects, the properties of the objects, and behaviors would be required for an object oriented program, document their design using simple UML class diagrams.

• Write pseudo-code as the basis of your algorithm, as well as create a flowchart. You should reference the lecture notes, as well as your textbook by Joyce Farrell ^[2] as references for this part of the assignment.

• You should show object instantiation in the flowchart as variable declarations, then method calls to processing methods. Note, you are not required to document get/set accessor, mutator methods in your algorithm or flowchart.

• You may hand-draw the flowchart and UML class diagram for this assignment instead of using software, just use a ruler and print legibly.

• Alternatively a software program like MS PowerPoint, Office Libra Draw, or MS Visio can be used for flowchart while a software program like UMLet or MS Visio can be used to create the UML class diagrams.

• Print your name on the paper diagram, or if using software place your name inside a square rectangle in the diagram.

• If working on paper either scan the diagram into your computer, or use a cell phone to take a picture and email it to yourself Both your pseudocode and flowchart should be placed into your MS Word document, the pseudocode as text while the flowchart should be an image.

• Note: The pseudocode and flowchart should document the exact same algorithm.

3) Test Algorithm with Simple Inputs

• As per the lecture notes, use a table within your MS Word document to test the algorithm. Consider picking numbers that might be expected as input and work through the algorithm documenting expected outputs, you may use a calculator.

• If there is a problem with the algorithm based on this desk-check correct the pseudocode and flowchart, UML class diagram(s) and repeat this step again. (You only need to turn in the final table, no need to document all of your troubleshooting here.

4) Translate the Algorithm into Java

• You are to use the Eclipse IDE to create your Java program, use a project name like Assignment 02.

• Don’t forget to comment your code files, with the expected code header.

• Copy and paste your program source code file(s) into your MS Word document.

• Tip: Use a monospaced font, where every character has the same width on screen, to format your code, recommended settings: Font-face Consolas, Font-size 10pt

5a) Compile and Run Your Program

• Compile and run your program, using your documented test values.

• Take a screen shot of Command prompt window, or a rectangular selection of the Eclipse Console View depending on your development environment, ensure your name as output by the program is captured in the image.

5b) Test Your Program

• Re-use your testing table from step 3 in this section, but document what the program outputs are, do they match expectations?

• Test with some invalid inputs, and document what happens. Note that some input will crash your program, this is okay as you may not know how to fix this at this point in the course. Document what the error messages are in your test plan.

• Suggested invalid tests: enter a String instead of a number, enter a negative numbers for the input, what happens if the number is too large for the data type you use to store numerical input?

Microsoft Word Document Format

See the template example, suggested headings below:

1) Understand the problem

• Brief paragraph

2) Develop and Describe an Algorithm

• UML class diagrams, Pseudocode, Flowchart

3) Test Algorithm with Simple Inputs

• Test plan as table

4) Translate the Algorithm into Java

• Program source code, with programmer comments.

5) Compile and Test Your Program

• Screen shot of running program with student name as output

ZZ, Inc. has budgeted sales in units for the next six months as follows:

                  Budgeted Sales in Units
July                    7,700 units                             
August                  8,300 units
September               5,400 units
October                10,200 units
November               ?????? units
December               11,700 units

The selling price is $18 per unit. 30% of the company's sales are cash
sales and 70% of the company's sales are made on account. The sales on
account are collected in the pattern 15% in the month of sale, 20% in
the month following sale, 55% in the second month following sale, and
the final 10% is collected in the third month following sale.

ZZ, Inc. reported a budgeted accounts receivable balance of $194,670
in its pro forma balance sheet at December 31.

Calculate the number of units budgeted to be sold in November. Do not
type the word units after your answer.

Assume

A portfolio consists of two assets, Investment A and Investment B.

Market Value of Investment A at beginning of period: $600

Market Value of Investment B at beginning of period: $300

Investment A has an expected return of 8%

Investment B has an expected return of 3%

Investment A has a standard deviation (volatility) of returns 15%

Investment B has a standard deviation (volatility) of returns of 6%

The correlation of returns for Investment A and Investment B is 20%

Deliverable

Word or Excel spreadsheet items.

A. Calculate the portfolio standard deviation (volatility) of returns. Show your work.

B. If the correlation of returns was negative 20%, i.e., -20%, what is the portfolio standard deviation (volatility) of returns? Show your work.

C. Did risk increase or decrease when the correlation declined from 20% to -20%? Why? Briefly explain your answer using non-mathematical terminology.