Classify the following bivariate relationships as to whether or not there is staistical association. If so, is the relationship likely to be causal one, or is it due to confounding with some other factor or due to bias.

1. During a recent police strike, the reported rate of new crimes was 20 per 1000 population compared to a normal new crime of 40 per 1,000 population.

2. Carriers of matches experience a lung cancer incidence rate of 80 per 100,000 person-years as compared to 20 per 100,000 person-years among those who don't carry matches.

3. In a survey of students, 50% of the males reported drinking in the last 30 days, while 49% of the females reported drinking in the last 30 days.

please answer 1, 2 and 3 and explain your answer.

thank you

The data

You have been given data from red maple and white oak trees from a national forest dominated by mixed hardwood stands.  The following variables for each tree are included

treecode,location,species,dbh,height
1-W-7,eastern,MR,46.8,39.2
1-N-1,eastern,MR,47.1,37.4
1-E-4,eastern,MR,60.6,41.1
2-M-2,eastern,MR,50.1,26.9
3-E-4,eastern,MR,16.4,25.2
3-M-6,eastern,MR,29.4,27.3
3-S-4,eastern,MR,33.3,38
3-N-5,eastern,MR,37.4,22.5
3-N-6,eastern,MR,36.4,25
4-M-3,eastern,MR,7.2,3.9
4-M-2,eastern,MR,8,6.1
5-E-3,eastern,MR,19.6,14.5
7-N-5,eastern,MR,41.6,34.1
8-W-5,eastern,MR,31.7,31
8-S-7,eastern,MR,39.4,31.2
11-M-3,eastern,MR,16.3,24.3
11-M-5,eastern,MR,22.8,26.2
11-M-8,eastern,MR,23.4,30.8
11-M-4,eastern,MR,29.5,25.6
11-N-7,eastern,MR,37.5,27.6
11-S-6,eastern,MR,40.4,34.8
13-M-3,eastern,MR,31.8,27.7
13-M-2,eastern,MR,67.4,37.8
14-M-5,eastern,MR,31.1,28.7
14-M-4,eastern,MR,35.4,30.6
14-W-2,eastern,MR,34.3,33.3
14-E-3,eastern,MR,41.5,32.4
14-N-3,eastern,MR,39.1,36.8
14-M-3,eastern,MR,51,43.4
42-N-1,western,MR,57.6,35.9
43-M-4,western,MR,2.5,4.8
43-M-5,western,MR,3.4,4.8
43-M-7,western,MR,7,7
43-M-9,western,MR,10.5,9.7
44-M-3,western,MR,18.2,22.3
44-E-3,western,MR,25.6,25.3
45-M-1,western,MR,62.7,40
46-M-1,western,MR,25.6,28.3
46-M-2,western,MR,28.7,26.6
46-M-5,western,MR,43.9,26.8
46-N-9,western,MR,50.9,36.1
46-M-7,western,MR,56.3,35.2
47-N-1,western,MR,8.6,8.7
47-E-4,western,MR,22.6,19.3
48-M-2,western,MR,26,21.6
48-S-5,western,MR,30.7,23.5
49-M-7,western,MR,38.3,26.8
49-W-1,western,MR,45.4,29.6
50-M-5,western,MR,27,19
3-W-5,eastern,OW,6,6.5
3-W-3,eastern,OW,12.5,7.8
3-M-4,eastern,OW,19.1,25.2
3-M-3,eastern,OW,34.4,25.2
7-M-3,eastern,OW,31.7,24.2
7-S-1,eastern,OW,40.2,23
7-N-6,eastern,OW,45.5,25.2
7-N-7,eastern,OW,52.4,31.3
7-W-5,eastern,OW,54.3,28.3
8-M-2,eastern,OW,37.8,30.9
8-E-1,eastern,OW,65,36.4
8-M-4,eastern,OW,68.1,32.2
9-S-6,eastern,OW,59.8,46.9
11-M-2,eastern,OW,12.1,18.6
11-E-2,eastern,OW,17.7,12.4
48-M-7,western,OW,62.5,27.6
49-M-8,western,OW,3.7,4.4
49-N-4,western,OW,47.8,19.5
49-M-6,western,OW,53.4,29.6
49-M-4,western,OW,56,25.3
49-M-3,western,OW,67.4,27.4
50-N-2,western,OW,45.4,20.8
50-M-7,western,OW,48.1,23.9
50-M-4,western,OW,45.4,23.4
50-M-2,western,OW,48.7,22.7
52-N-6,western,OW,5.2,7
53-E-2,western,OW,44.3,30.6
53-N-2,western,OW,45.3,23.7
53-M-5,western,OW,76.9,28.6
54-M-6,western,OW,32.7,23.3
54-M-2,western,OW,40.2,24.1
54-S-6,western,OW,47.8,26.1
55-M-1,western,OW,49,27
55-M-2,western,OW,66.3,26.7
56-M-3,western,OW,29.3,18.8
57-M-3,western,OW,37.9,37.4
58-M-6,western,OW,41.9,22.4
59-M-2,western,OW,24.7,15.1
61-M-6,western,OW,57.3,30.6
62-M-10,western,OW,4.1,8.3
62-M-2,western,OW,9.1,2.7

1. Read in the csv file into a dataframe called “trees” with either the Import utility in RStudio, or by using the function read.csv, e.g.:

trees = read.csv("C:/My Documents/ E-W MR-OW data.csv")

1. Examine the variables using the str function:

What kind of data is contained in the “species” variable?  What kind of data is contained in the height variable

2. Examine the first few lines of data using the head function:

head(trees)

prove it's correct or not.

A particular version of MERGESORT breaks the array into three equal parts, recursively sorts the first two parts, merges them, recursively sorts the last part, and merges it with the already merged parts one and two. This MERGESORT has the same worst-case running time as the standard version.

Two tennis players, A and B, are playing in a tournament; the first person to win 3 sets is declared the winner of the match (best of 5. no ties allowed) Assume that A is stronger and wins each set with probability of 0.6 and the outcome of each set is independent of other sets.

a.) What is the probability player A will win the match? (With explanation)

b.) Let A and B be events such that P(A) = 0.45, P(B) = 0.3, and P(A U B) = 0.6. Find P(A|B) and P(B|A). (With explanation) Thanks!!!!!!

A. Profitability and productivity are two sides of the same coin. Discuss the relationship between them and explain how the use of materials can affect either of them.   

B. Waste in both service and manufacturing organizations have common characteristics. Explain any three such characteristics as it relates to a company manufacturing pencils.                                                                                                    

C. Capacity planning is required to match demand to supply at minimum total cost. Why is it necessary to do so? What three strategies can be adopted to match demand to supply?      

HSU Corporation has two service departments, Maintenance and Administration, and two producing departments A and B.

The direct costs of each department for the last year is as follows:

Administration                $   80,000

Maintenance                       60,000

Department A                      5,000

Department B                      20,000

Information on the proportion of services supplied and used is:

Using the reciprocal method of service department cost allocation Administration costs allocated to Department B is:

The authors of the paper "Age and Violent Content Labels Make Video Games Forbidden Fruits for Youth" carried out an experiment to determine if restrictive labels on video games actually increased the attractiveness of the game for young game players.†Participants read a description of a new video game and were asked how much they wanted to play the game. The description also included an age rating. Some participants read the description with an age restrictive label of 7+, indicating that the game was not appropriate for children under the age of 7. Others read the same description, but with an age restrictive label of 12+, 16+, or 18+.

The data below for 12- to 13-year-old boys are fictitious, but are consistent with summary statistics given in the paper. (The sample sizes in the actual experiment were larger.) For purposes of this exercise, you can assume that the boys were assigned at random to one of the four age label treatments (7+, 12+, 16+, and 18+). Data shown are the boys' ratings of how much they wanted to play the game on a scale of 1 to 10.

Do the data provide convincing evidence that the mean rating associated with the game description by 12- to 13-year-old boys is not the same for all four restrictive rating labels? Test the appropriate hypotheses using a significance level of 0.05.

Calculate the test statistic. (Round your answer to two decimal places.)

F =  

Please show work and explain. thank you

Statistics Homework

The management staff of a grocery products manufacturer collects data on 50 routes. For each route the factor variable is the mileage and response variable is the shipping rate (dollars per 100 pound). 1. Make a scatterplot and add the regression line. 2. Interpret the slope in the words of the problem. 3. Find the coefficient of determination and interpret. 4. Find the correlation coefficient and interpret. 5. Find and interpret a 95% Confidence Interval for the true slope. 6. Plot the standardized residuals vs. mileage. Interpret. 7. Plot the predicted values vs. shipping rate. Interpret. 8. Make a normality plot. Interpret. 9. Find the predicted values for Mileage = 400 and Mileage = 800. 10. Find the residuals values for Mileage = 400 and Mileage = 800

Statistics Homework

The management staff of a grocery products manufacturer collects data on 50 routes. For each route the factor variable is the mileage and response variable is the shipping rate (dollars per 100 pound). 1. Make a scatterplot and add the regression line. 2. Interpret the slope in the words of the problem. 3. Find the coefficient of determination and interpret. 4. Find the correlation coefficient and interpret. 5. Find and interpret a 95% Confidence Interval for the true slope. 6. Plot the standardized residuals vs. mileage. Interpret. 7. Plot the predicted values vs. shipping rate. Interpret. 8. Make a normality plot. Interpret. 9. Find the predicted values for Mileage = 400 and Mileage = 800. 10. Find the residuals values for Mileage = 400 and Mileage = 800

Erna Corp. has 8 million shares of common stock outstanding. The current share price is $73, and the book value per share is $7. Erna Corp. also has two bond issues outstanding. The first bond issue has a face value of $85 million, has a 7 percent coupon, and sells for 97 percent of par. The second issue has a face value of $50 million, has an 8 percent coupon, and sells for 108 percent of par. The first issue matures in 21 years, the second in 6 years.

a. What are Erna’s capital structure weights on a book value basis? (Round your answers to 4 decimal places. (e.g., 32.1616))

Equity/Value=

Debt/Value=

b. What are Erna’s capital structure weights on a market value basis? (Round your answers to 4 decimal places. (e.g., 32.1616))

Equity/Value=

Debt/Value=

c. Which are more relevant, the book or market value weights?

Market value

Book value