The following sequences show the wildtype and mutant alleles of part of a gene. What is the name of this type of mutation?

Wildtype DNA:       5’           AAC – AGC – CTG – CGT – ACG – GCT – CTC 3’

Wildtype protein: Asn – Ser – Leu – Arg – Thr – Ala – Leu

Mutant DNA:          5’ AAC – AGC – CTG – CTT – ACG – GCT – CTC 3’

Mutant protein: Asn – Ser – Leu – Leu – Thr – Ala – Leu

Select one:

a. Frameshift mutation

b. Silent mutation

c. Missense mutation

d. Antisense mutation

What effect will a nonsense mutation in a coding triplet have on the encoded protein?

Select one:

a. Replacement of the affected amino acid with a different amino acid

b. No change to the amino sequence

c. Loss of the affected amino acid but retention of all remaining amino acids downstream of mutation

d. Loss of the affected amino acid and all other amino acids downstream of the mutation site

Once a polypeptide is produced by translation, which cellular organelle is it transported into for correct folding?

Select one:

a. The nucleus

b. The ribosome

c. The endoplasmic reticulum

d. The Golgi

Which two techniques can be used to generate many identical copies of one specific DNA sequence?

Select one:

a. i) Digestion of DNA with Restriction enzymes; and ii) ligation with DNA ligase

b. i) Polymerase chain reaction; and ii) Transformation of bacteria with a recombinant DNA plasmid

c. i) Digestion of DNA with Restriction enzymes; and ii) Transformation of bacteria with a recombinant DNA plasmid

d. i) Polymerase chain reaction; and ii) digestion of DNA with Restriction enzymes

1. Demonstrate the energy production from glucose, fatty acid and amino acids at the cellular level step by step in a scheme you have created yourself. Entering, exiting, taking part etc. in all steps. specify all components

Transcription requires _____ to add nucleotides to form an new molecule.

Question 58 options:

Question 59 (2 points)

The large ribosomal subunit

Question 59 options:

Question 60 (2 points)

Which is the mRNA complement of the DNA sequence 3’ ATTCCGAGCTTA 5’?

Question 60 options:

Question 61 (2 points)

Which is the mRNA complement of the DNA sequence 5’ ACGGTCGGAT 3’

Question 61 options:

Question 62 (2 points)

During elongation, a new peptide (protein) is produced

Question 62 options:

Question 63 (2 points)

The stop codon causes

Question 63 options:

Question 64 (2 points)

The first stage of translation is known as:

Question 64 options:

Question 65 (2 points)

Which of the following transfer RNA binding sites are found on the ribosome?

Question 65 options:

Question 66 (2 points)

What type of mutation has occurred in the sample compared to the reference sequence?

Reference sequence: 5’ A T G C C T G A T T G C 3’

Sample sequence: 5’ A T G C C T T A T T G C 3’

Question 66 options:

1. Choose two different types of microscopy and compare/contrast them in detail.  If you were looking at a typical liver cell using the two different types of microscopy, what structural details and organelles would be visible?  
2. Compare and contrast DNA and RNA, including details of structure and function.
3. What is protein modification?  Describe three examples of protein modification, as well as how the protein modification affects protein activity.
4. How do you measure an enzyme’s performance? Describe how a competitive inhibitor and a non-competitive inhibitor would affect an enzyme’s performance differently.
5. Two proteins are each 500 amino acids long, yet they have completely different conformations.  How is this possible?  Include in your answer a description of the four major levels of protein structure.
6. Describe the steps of eukaryotic transcription in detail.  Include the enzyme involved and any other proteins necessary for transcription to occur.  
7. What is alternative splicing? Describe how alternative splicing can contribute to the complexity of an organism.

1. What would occur if the body could no longer produce lactate?
   1. In the presence of oxygen, acetyl CoA would build up and be converted back to fatty acids.
   2. In the absence of oxygen, ATP production would increase.
   3. In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate would build-up, causing glycolysis to slow down.
   4. Lactose would no longer be digested properly, leading to increased bloating

Fill in the blanks in the paragraph below to complete a description of mutants and mutations

In DNA, a Blank 1 mutation can result from the expected sequence CCG being coded instead as CTG. As a result of this change, the resulting m-RNA codon would be GAC instead of Blank 2. Consequently, this will result in an amino acid of Blank 3 instead of Blank 4. Since the amino acids are Blank 5, the mutation can definitely be ruled out as a Blank 6 mutation.

Consider a three-base sequence within the coding region in the DNA template strand: 5'-...123...-3', in which 1, 2, and 3 refer to the relative positions of deoxyribonucleotides within a codon. What would be the effects of a point mutation that would change a purine for a pyrimidine at position 2?

1. (True/False) This mutation will always result in an altered amino acid sequence in the mutant protein compared to the original protein.

2. (True/False) The mutant amino acid, if changed, is more likely to be similar to the original amino acid than not. (Here, similar means that the two amino acids are both hydrophobic, or that both are basic, acidic, or polar. If an amino acid does not change between the mutant and the original, then count the mutant as similar.)

3. (True/False) Considering the above results, it is likely that more than half of the mutations would significantly affect the function of the protein in which it is located if the mutant amino acid is a key determinant of the protein's function.

5. You are consuming a food item that contains carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and a substance A stipulated to not be digestable by human enzymes, but digestible by bacterial enzymes into substance B. Discuss where and how each of the five nutrient types will be digested (multiple locations may be required), and how their absorbable components (monosaccharides, fatty acids, amino acids, nucleotides, and substance B) will be absorbed by the body. Include in your response a complete review of the entire digestive system (not just the digestive tract), including all physical structures the food item will encounter, all digestive secretions (including a breakdown of all enzymatic and non-enzymatic components, and their functions) the food item will occur, and the tissue/organ structures responsible for generating those secretions.

6. Describe the processes involved for the formation of mature spermatozoa, and a secondary oocyte. Include a review of all hormonal regulation involved in the processes of spermatogenesis and oogenesis, as well as the actual formation and maturation of the sex cells from spermatogonia and primary oocytes. Maturation of the sex cells should discuss the supporting cells for both types of sex cells, as well as a review of the organs and structures hosting the maturation and development. Your response should consider formation, development, and maturation for the two sex cells until the end of the process, to be considered as: 1) fully functional, mobile spermatozoa in the epididymis, and 2) just after ovulation for the secondary oocyte.