1a. Changes in which of the following would affect the focal length of a thin glass lens? You must choose all correct answers.

a. wavelength of light that it is focusing

b. the medium in which the lens is immersed (e.g. air, water)

c. index of refraction of the glass

d. curvature of its 2 refracting surfaces

1b. Changes in which of the following would affect the focal length of a glass mirror with a reflective silver coating on its curved surface? You must choose all correct answers.

a. the medium in which the mirror is immersed (e.g. air, water)

b. index of refraction of the glass

c. curvature of its reflecting surface

d. wavelength of light that it is focusing

Supply and Demand: the Revenge of the Exogenous Shock. In this problem, we consider many changes (exogenous shocks) that can affect the market for oil. Predict how each of the following events will affect the equilibrium price and quantity in the market for oil.

• In each case, sketch a supply and demand diagram (model) to support your answer, using the 4-step process we derived in class and perform equilibrium analysis (what happens to Q and P in equilibrium). You must create an original figure. Depict demand for oil as price inelastic.
• Solve for all eight of these shocks using the 4-step process. State what type of shock each represents.
• Be clear and use words in captions to describe your eight figures and your analysis (what's going on in the market, Bloomberg style).

a. Cars are becoming more fuel efficient, and therefore get more miles to the gallon.

b. The winter is exceptionally cold this year.

c. A major discovery of new oil is made off the coast of Norway.

d. The economies of some major oil-using nations, like Japan, slow down.

e. A war in the Middle East disrupts oil-pumping schedules.

f. Landlords install additional insulation in buildings.

g. The price of solar energy falls dramatically.

h. Chemical companies invent a new, popular kind of plastic made from oil.

Question 1

Part A) If consumers' buying decisions are not very sensitive to changes in price, then their demand is:

• more elastic.

• less elastic.

• perfectly inelastic.

• unit elastic.

Part B) A binding price floor:

• will cause quantity demanded to exceed quantity supplied.

• will cause quantity supplied to exceed quantity demanded.

• will increase total well-being.

• will set a legal maximum price in a market.

Part C) In a market where a positive externality is present, the effect of a government subsidy would be to ensure:

• a more fair distribution of surplus.

• an efficient outcome.

• that those who enjoy the benefit receive the surplus.

• All of these statements are true.

Part D) When a good ends up undersupplied, we can assume it is a:

• common resource.

• private good.

• public good.

• transitory good.

Part E) Using a common resource:

• creates a positive externality for others.

• maximizes total surplus.

• is an irrational decision.

• imposes a negative externality on others.

Part F)

In the long run, when an increase in the quantity of output decreases average total cost, this is called:

Multiple Choice

• economies of scale.

• diseconomies of scale.

• constant economies to scale.

• minimum average total cost.

Human pressures lead to changes in the life history of organisms, with potentially huge consequences for fitness.

a) Fish harvesting can favor fish that reproduce earlier even if they produce fewer offspring. Suppose that a fish that reprodcues at age 3 years produces 20 eggs that will survive to adulthood, while one that reproduces at age 2 years produces only 5. If fish die after reproducing, which population will grow faster? One way to do this is to figure out which population would be larger after 6 years, which is two generations for those that reproduce every 3 years, and three generations for those that reproduce every 2 years.

b) Suppose half of the fish are harvested between ages 2 and 3 years. Which age of reproduction is now favored? what other effects do you think this would hvae on the population?

c) Compare this scenario to the effects of giving up migration. What information would you need to compute whether birds that spend the winter in cities will do better than those that continue to migrate?

Emissions of sulfur dioxide by industry set off chemical changes in the atmosphere that result in “acid rain”. The acidity of liquids is measured by pH on a scale of 0 to 14. Distilled water has pH 7.0, and lower pH values indicate acidity. Typical rain is somewhat acidic, so acid rain is defined as rainfall with pH below 5.0. Suppose that pH measurements of rainfall on different days in a Canadian forest follow a Normal distribution with standard deviation σ=0.5. A researcher wants to determine if there is good evidence that the mean pH μ for all rainy days is less than 5.0. The researcher has collected a sample of size n=15 with sample mean being x ̅=4.8.

1. What is the null hypothesis for the researcher’s test?
2. What is the researcher’s alternative hypothesis for the test?
3. What are the mean and standard deviation of the sampling distribution of x̄?
4. Compute the P-value for the researcher’s test.
5. Using α = 0.05, do you reject or not the null hypothesis? What is your conclusion in terms of the researcher’s question of interest?

Emissions of sulfur dioxide by industry set off chemical changes in the atmosphere that result in “acid rain”. The acidity of liquids is measured by pH on a scale of 0 to 14. Distilled water has pH 7.0, and lower pH values indicate acidity. Typical rain is somewhat acidic, so acid rain is defined as rainfall with pH below 5.0. Suppose that pH measurements of rainfall on different days in a Canadian forest follow a Normal distribution with standard deviation σ=0.5. A researcher wants to determine if there is good evidence that the mean pH μ for all rainy days is less than 5.0. The researcher has collected a sample of size n=15 with sample mean being x ̅=4.8.

1. What is the null hypothesis for the researcher’s test?
2. What is the researcher’s alternative hypothesis for the test?
3. What are the mean and standard deviation of the sampling distribution of x̄?
4. Compute the P-value for the researcher’s test.
5. Using α = 0.05, do you reject or not the null hypothesis? What is your conclusion in terms of the researcher’s question of interest?

• Identify three consumer and patient demographic changes or trends that will, in your estimation, require the most resources and explain why.
• What specific resources will be needed on both a short-term and long-term strategic planning basis?
• How will you best address the associated challenges? What obstacles or barriers might prevent meeting the anticipated challenges?
• What key leadership competencies, as detailed in the Dye-Garman model, will best prepare you for meeting these challenges? Why?

if the voulme of a gas container at 24.5 degrees celsius changes from 4.6 L to 5.792 L what will the final temp be (use kelvins) assume the pressure dosen't change and the amount of a gas in the container doesn't change

Which of these mutational changes do you think will have the greatest deleterious effect on the function of a gene? Explain your answer.

a) insertion of a nucleotide at the end of the coding sequence

b) removal of a single nucleotide near the start of the coding sequence

c) deletion of three consecutive nucleotides in the middle of the coding region

d) deletion of four consecutive nucleotides in the middle of the coding region

e) replacement of one nucleotide by another in the middle of the coding region

Stan the stochastic southpaw has a pitching algorithm that never changes.

• In the first pitch of each plate appearance, he throws a fastball 70% of the time (and therefore, an off-speed pitch 30% of the time).
• The following pitch selection is determined *only* by the type of pitch immediately preceding it.
  • If the previous pitch was off-speed, he will throw a fastball 75% of the time and an off-speed pitch 25% of the time.
  • If the previous pitch was a fastball, he will throw either a fastball or off-speed pitch with 50% probability.

In your excitement to see Stan pitch, you spilled your soda in the concourse and missed the first two pitches of his first plate appearance of the game. You are able to see that his third pitch is a fastball. Given this information, what is the probability that the first pitch was an off-speed pitch?