Test the given claim about the means of two populations. Assume that two dependent samples have been randomly selected from normally distributed populations. A test of abstract reasoning is given to a random sample of students before and after they completed a formal logic course. The results are given below. At the 0.05 significance level, test the claim that the mean score is not affected by the course. Include your null and alternative hypotheses, the test statistic, P-value or critical value(s), conclusion about the null hypothesis, and conclusion about the claim in your answer.

Cost of debt using both methods​ (YTM and the approximation​ formula)   ​Currently, Warren Industries can sell 15 year​, ​$1000​-par-value bonds paying annual interest at a 8​% coupon rate. Because current market rates for similar bonds are just under 8​%, Warren can sell its bonds for ​$1030 ​each; Warren will incur flotation costs of ​$20 per bond. The firm is in the 29​% tax bracket.

a.  Find the net proceeds from the sale of the​ bond, Upper Nd.

b.  Calculate the​ bond's yield to maturity​ (YTM​) to estimate the​ before-tax and​ after-tax costs of debt.

c.  Use the approximation formula to estimate the​ before-tax and​ after-tax costs of debt.

Locomotive Corporation is planning to repurchase part of its common stock by issuing corporate debt. As a result, the firm’s debt–equity ratio is expected to rise from 35% to 50%. The firm currently has $3.1 million worth of debt outstanding. The cost of this debt is 6.7% per year. Locomotive expects to earn $1.075 million per year in perpetuity. Locomotive pays no taxes.
a. What is the market value of Locomotive Corporation before and after the repurchase announcement?
b. What is the expected return on the firm’s equity before the announcement of the stock repurchase plan?
c. What is the expected return on the equity of an otherwise identical all-equity firm?
d. What is the expected return on the firm’s equity after the announcement of the stock repurchase plan?

Microsoft has an equity value of $250B, but has only $10B in debt. Management decides they’d like to increase the D/(D+E) ratio to 40% and use the proceeds to repurchase shares of equity, i.e. a leveraged recapitalization.

a) Before the recapitalization, the debt is considered risk-free and the equity has a beta of 1.13; afterwards, the debt beta becomes 0.3. How much debt does Microsoft issue? By how much has this restructuring changed the riskiness of equity in Microsoft, i.e. what is
the equity beta after the recapitalization?

b. If the risk-free rate is 3% and the expected market return is 9%, what are the expected
returns to equity holders before and after the recapitalization?

Please answer all parts of this question.

Cost of debt using both methods​ (YTM and the approximation​ formula)   ​Currently, Warren Industries can sell 10-year​, $1,000​-par-value bonds paying annual interest at a 8​% coupon rate. Because current market rates for similar bonds are just under 8​%, Warren can sell its bonds for $990 ​each; Warren will incur flotation costs of ​$35 per bond. The firm is in the 27​% tax bracket.

a.  Find the net proceeds from the sale of the​ bond, N Subscript d.

b.  Calculate the​ bond's yield to maturity (YTM​) to estimate the​ before-tax and​ after-tax costs of debt.

c.  Use the approximation formula to estimate the​ before-tax and​ after-tax costs of debt.

The next 7 questions are related to the titration of 60.0 mL of a 0.0250 M Zn2+ solution with 0.0600 M EDTA in a solution buffered at pH 9. Assume that the temperature is 25 oC and that the formation constant for Zn2+ is 3.13 x 1016 at this temperature. How many mmols of Zn2+ are present in the solution before the titration begins? What volume of the EDTA solution is needed to reach the equivalence point? What is the conditional formation constant for Zn at this pH? What is the pZn of the analyte solution before the titration begins? What is the pZn of the solution after 15 mL of titrant have been added? What is the pZn at the equivalence point of the titration? What is the pZn of the solution after 30 mL of titrant have been added?

Sigma plc’s income statement for the year ended 31 March 2020 and the statements of financial position as at 31 March 2019 and 2020 are provided below.

Additional information for the year ended 31 March 2020 were as follows:

1. During the year, Sigma plc sold an item of plant for £25m. This item of plant was purchased several years ago for £50m and at the date of disposal, its accumulated depreciation amounted to £30m.
2. Sigma plc also purchased additional equipment to be used in its usual operations. The amount paid for the purchase was £120m.
3. Except for the above, there were no other non-current acquisitions or disposals. The company policy is to charge a full year’s depreciation in the year of acquisition and no depreciation on disposed assets in the year of disposal.   
4. A dividend of £25m was paid on ordinary shares during the year.
5. The interest income of £12m was equal to the actual cash inflow for the year.

REQUIRED

1. Prepare the statement of cash flows for the year-ended 31 March 2020 for Sigma plc using the indirect method.
2. Analyse and discuss Sigma plc’s statement of cash flows (prepared in part (a)) from a potential investor's perspective, highlighting any material items of interest or concern.   

Thread scheduling at the process level and at the kernel level. This topic requires more work on my part and I will give an updated draft. There may be more than one question here. Review the different allocation policies for kernel threads in relation to user threads – one to one, many to one, many to many, hybrid. These are sometimes referred to as an “M:N ratio” where M is the number of user threads and N is the number of kernel threads.

a) How is the choice between “process scope” (P) and“system scope” (S) related to these options? If “process scope” is chosen, where does the responsibility lie for scheduling threads?

b) How does Posix implement scheduling at the user thread level? If “system scope” (S) is chosen, does the programmer have any control over the scheduling of her threads?

Exception handling

All Exceptions that can be thrown must descend from this Java class:

The getMessage( ) method is inherited from this class?

What are the two broad catagories of Exceptions in Java?

If an Exception is not a checked exception it must extend what class?

What is the difference between a checked Exception and an unchecked Exception?

What are the two options a programmer has when writing code that may cause a checked Exception to be thrown? Can a try block contain code that would cause more than one type of Exception to possibly be thrown?

Is it true that a try block can only be followed by ONE catch block?

What is the purpose of the finally block?

When is the code in the finally block executed?

What happens when a try block throws an Exception object? Is an Exception the same thing as a syntax or logic error?