12. (4) For each of the situations described below: 1) Which process would be primarily affected: RNA Processing, Translation Initiation, Translation Elongation, Translation Termination and 2) Describe the effect/consequence of the change

a) Deletion of a 5’splice site in a pre-mRNA

b) The underlined mutation in the protein-coding region whose reading frame is shown 5’- AUG-CCA-UAU-ACA-3’ 5’- AUG-CCU-UAA-ACA-3’

c) A mutation that removes the Shine-Delgarno sequence

d) A mutation in the tRNA for the amino acid lysine that changes the anticodon sequence from 3′-UUU-5′ to 3′-UAU-5′

Which of the following statements about mutations and genetic disease are correct?

CHECK ALL THAT APPLY!

Check all that apply

Transcription is the process of RNA synthesis.  Translation is the cytoplasmic process of protein synthesis. Both processes can be divided into three stages, Initiation, Elongation, and Termination.  For each of the events listed below write which process it occurs in (either transcription or translation) and in which stage the event occurs (initiation, elongation, termination).

1. Release factor binds to the stop codon in the amino acyl site and cuts away the protein from the transfer RNA.

2. Transfer RNA anticodons bind to the messenger RNA codons.

3. A hairpin loop forms in the messenger RNA.

4. The small subunit of the ribosome scans the messenger RNA to find the AUG start codon.

1. Interpret the infrared and NMR spectra of benzocaine.

2.What is the structure of the precipitate that forms after the sulfuric acid has been added?

3. When 10% sodium carbonate solution is added, a gas evolves. What is the gas? Give a balanced equation for this reaction.

4. Explain why benzocaine precipitates during the neutralization.

5. Refer to the structure of procaine in the table in the essay “Local Anesthetics.” Using p-aminobenzoic acid, give equations showing how procaine and procaine monohydrochloride could be prepared. Which of the two possible amino functional groups in procaine will be protonated first? Defend your choice. (Hint: Consider resonance.)

R-plasmids are plasmid vectors which encode what type of genes? (user thinks genes for replicases)

Homologous recombination results in a protein with which attributes? (user thinks it a protein with amino acid sequence)

Transduction is the process best described as? (the uptake of DNA by infection)

Ribosomal RNA sequencing is utilized to create phylogenetic relationships between organisnms due to the fact these genes are some conserved throughout evolution. T or F ( user thinks true)

5.) What domian contain Chromosomes consist of Exons and Introns (user thinks archea and bacteria)

Can someone just please help me better understand these questions?

Which has a wider array of structures: proteins, DNA, or RNA? Explain why.

In your own words, explain common functional relatedness, structural relatedness, and ancestral gene relatedness of conserved regions of proteins.

Explain why protein domains that contain structurally or functionally important amino acid sequences would be conserved between organisms that are very distantly related.

Why are cysteines important to the structure of a protein?

Explain the role of p53 and how its mutation leads to increased growth rate in the cell.

Which mutations most commonly lead to cancer – somatic cell or germ-line?

How do mutations lead to natural selection?

7. Suppose that you have just graduated from college and have started working at a biotechnology firm. Your first job assignment is to clone the pig gene for the hormone prolactin. Assume that the pig gene for prolactin has not yet been isolated, sequenced, or mapped; however, the mouse gene for prolactin has been cloned, and the amino acid sequence of mouse prolactin is known. Briefly explain two different strategies that you might use to find and clone the pig gene for prolactin.

8. Describe how the genome of an organism of your choice has been successfully engineered to improve a trait of economic importance in the organism.

1. Describe the structure of a water molecule. Explain WHY one end of the molecule is negative with respect to the other end.

   • Describe several (at least three) properties of water that make it so vital for living things. Focus on properties and examples that are relevant to the human body.

1. What are enzymes and why are they important? Be sure to include the following in your answer:

   • Compare and contrast hydrolytic enzymes to enzymes that do dehydration synthesis

   • What does denature mean? In other words, how is an enzyme’s shape related to its function?

2. Answer each of the following questions about the macromolecules/organic molecules found in the body

   • What are the four types of macromolecules that make up the human body?  

   • What are the monomers that make up each macromolecule type?

   • What are the major functions for each macromolecule type in the human body?

   • Explain whether each macromolecule type is hydrophobic (non-polar) and/or hydrophilic (polar)? How does this affect the behavior of the molecule?

Which processes contribute directly to genetic variaion?

? What is meant by ploidy? Diploid? Haploid?

? Know the phases of meiosis?

? Know the differences between meiosis and mitosis.

? What is the major difference between metaphase of mitosis and metaphase I of meiosis?

? What is the major difference between meiosis II & mitosis?

? What is crossing over? ? What is synapsis?

? What are chiasmata?

? What are autosomes?

? What are sex chromosomes? What are the sex chromosomes in human male? Human female?

? What are homologous chromosomes?

? What is genetic recombination?

? What is fertilization? What are gametes?

? What are histones? What is chromatin?

? How many autosomes do humans have? Have many pairs of autosomes? How many pairs of sex chromosomes? What is the total number of chromosomes that human have? ? What are the sites of crossing over called?

? What is a karyotype?

? What is Down syndrome?

? What is polyploidy?

? What is nondisjunction?

? What is trisomy and monosomy