Coca Cola would like to test the effectiveness of an online advertising campaign it is currently running. Two random samples, each of 300 participants, were recruited for the study in Atlanta. One group was shown the advertisement. Then attitudes towards Coca Cola products were measured for respondents in both groups.

-Identify the IV(s) and DV(s) in the experiment

- What type of experimental design is used? (pre-experimental, true experimental, Quasi-experimental, statistical, etc)

- What are the potential threats to internal and external validity in the experiment?

Sometimes political science students can be confused by similar-sounding terms, such as civil liberties and civil rights, or terms that describe similar but distinct concepts, such as slander and libel. This confusion is often exacerbated when it comes to methodological terms. This exercise is about reinforcing your understanding of similar terms. For each of the word pairs below, define each term and then explain the important differences between them.

1-Internal validity and external validity

1. Causation and correlation

2. Experimental effect and experimental group

3. Test factor and pretest

4. Experiment and field experiment

Experimentation

Anser the questions below based on if you had designed an experiment to test whether exercising for 30 minutes a day has an effect on people who suffer from depression. Explain this experiment in a brief paragraph. Use complete sentences in your answer.

1. What is your experimental hypothesis?

2. What is the dependent variable?

3. What is the independent variable?

4. What is the experimental condition?

5. What is the control condition?

6. Identify at least one potential confounding factor that you would want to control for.

The fluctuation test performed by Luria and Delbruck is consistent with the random mutation hypothesis.

Complete a brief outline of their experiment.

Rank the steps of the experiment from the first to the last.

1. they split the culture into smaller cultures.

2. they took a large culture of a bacterial strain susceptible to infection by a bacteriophage.

3. they determined how many colonies grew on each plate.

4. they plated samples containing equal numbers of bacteria from the cultures on petri plates containing the bacteriophage.

5. they allowed the cultures to double for multiple generations.

In your own words, describe why it wouldn’t be best to run multiple independent-sample t-tests when you have 3 or more groups. Come up with a sample experiment where you would use a between-subjects one-way ANOVA. Come up with a sample experiment where you would use a within-subjects one-way ANOVA. Why do we run post hoc tests? Under what conditions should you run a post hoc test?

The picture below shows two bulbs connected by a stopcock. The 6.00-L bulb contains nitric oxide at a pressure of 0.400 atm, and the 1.50-L bulb contains oxygen at a pressure of 2.50 atm. After the stopcock is opened, the gases mix and react: Determine which gases remain after the reaction goes to completion and calculate their partial pressures. The temperature at the beginnning and the end of the experiment is 22 °C. Which gases are present at the end of the experiment? What are the partial pressures of the gases? If the gas was consumed completely, put 0 for the answer.

Mussel settlment patterns on algae. Mussel larvae are in great abundance in the drift material that washes up on Ninety Mile Beach in New Zealand. These larvae tend to settle on algae. Environmentalists at the University of Auckland investigated the impact of algae type on the abundance of mussel larvae in drift material (Malacologia, February 8, 2002). Drift material from three different wash-up events on Ninety Mile Beach were collected;for each wash-up,the algae was separated into four strata: coarse-branching, medium-branching, fine-branching, and hydroid algae. Two samples were randomly selected for each of the3×4=12event/strata combinations, and the mussel density (percent per square centimeter) was measured for each. The data was analyzed as a complete 3×4 factorial design. The ANOVA summary table is shown below. (a) Identify the factors (and levels) in this experiment. (b) How many treatments are included in the experiment? (c) How many replications are included in the experiment? (d) What is the total sample size for the experiment? (e) What is the response variable measured? (f) Which ANOVA F-test should be conducted first? Conduct this test(atα = .05)and interpret the results. (g) If appropriate, conduct the F-tests (at α = .05)for the main effects .Interpret the results.

A second course in statistics Regression Analysis 7th addition

Economics is a science. Economists employ the scientific method to try to find answers to questions that interest them. However, unlike many sciences, it is hard or impossible to make experiments in economics. In physics, if one wants to know how gravity affects an object, one could conduct an experiment where an object is dropped and the time for object to reach the ground is measured. If wind interferes, or if the object is significantly slowed by air itself, then the experiment could be moved to a vacuum chamber, eliminating any other confounding factors, so that it is precisely the effect of mass and gravity that is measured. In economics this is not possible. What if one wanted to understand the effects of raising tax rates? Can an experiment be run where half the country has high tax rates and half has low tax rates? This would never be approved. Even if an experiment like this was approved, there would be no way to eliminate confounding factors. Perhaps right when taxes were increased, the oil prices happened to drop, giving an unexpected boon to the economy. If people responded by spending more, then one would not know whether this is because of the higher tax rates, or because of the lower oil prices, or both.

With this background in mind, please consider the following question. Is economics truly a science if many experiments cannot be run? Why or why not? How could economists overcome this difficulty to still test their hypotheses and prove their theories?

Information: Economics is a science. Economists employ the scientific method to try to find answers to questions that interest them. However, unlike many sciences, it is hard or impossible to make experiments in economics. In physics, if one wants to know how gravity affects an object, one could conduct an experiment where an object is dropped and the time for object to reach the ground is measured. If wind interferes, or if the object is significantly slowed by air itself, then the experiment could be moved to a vacuum chamber, eliminating any other confounding factors, so that it is precisely the effect of mass and gravity that is measured. In economics this is not possible. What if one wanted to understand the effects of raising tax rates? Can an experiment be run where half the country has high tax rates and half has low tax rates? This would never be approved. Even if an experiment like this was approved, there would be no way to eliminate confounding factors. Perhaps right when taxes were increased, the oil prices happened to drop, giving an unexpected boon to the economy. If people responded by spending more, then one would not know whether this is because of the higher tax rates, or because of the lower oil prices, or both.

Question: With this background in mind, please consider the following question. Is economics truly a science if many experiments cannot be run? Why or why not? How could economists overcome this difficulty to still test their hypotheses and prove their theories?

please give an example and explain in detail.