The Volkswagen Group adopted International Accounting Standards (IAS, now International Financial Reporting, or IFRS) for its 2001 fiscal year. The following is taken from Volkswagen’s 2001 annual report. It discusses major differences between the German Commercial Code (HGB) and IAS as they apply to Volkswagen.

General:
In 2001 VOLKSWAGEN AG has for the first time published its consolidated financial statements in accordance with International Accounting Standards (IAS) and the interpretations of the Standing Interpretations Committee (SIC). All mandatory International Accounting Standards applicable to the financial year 2001 were complied with. The previous year’s figures are also based on those standards. IAS 12 (revised 2000) and IAS 39, in particular, were already complied with in the year 2000 consolidated financial statements. The financial statements thus give a true and fair view of the net assets, financial position and earning performance of the Volkswagen Group.

The consolidated financial statements were drawn up in Euros. Unless otherwise stated, all amounts are quoted in millions of Euros.
The income statement was produced in accordance with the internationally accepted cost of sales method.
Preparation of the consolidated financial statements in accordance with IAS requires assumptions regarding a number of line items that affect the amounts entered in the consolidated balance sheet and income statement as well as the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities.
The conditions laid down in Section 292a of the German Commercial Code (HGB) for exemption from the obligation to draw up consolidated financial statements in accordance with German commercial law are met. Assessment of the said conditions is based on German Accounting Standard No. 1 (DSR 1) published by the German Accounting Standards Committee.

In order to ensure equivalence with consolidated financial statements produced in accordance with German commercial law, all disclosures and explanatory notes required by German commercial law beyond the scope of those required by IAS are published.

Transition to International Accounting Standards:
The accounting valuation and consolidation methods previously applied in the financial statements of VOLKSWAGEN AG as produced in accordance with the German Commercial Code have been amended in certain cases by the application of IAS.

Amended accounting, valuation and consolidation methods in accordance with the German Commercial Code:
• Tangible assets leased under finance leases are capitalized, and the corresponding liability is recognized under liabilities in the balance sheet, provided the risks and rewards of ownership are substantially attributable to the companies of the Volkswagen Group in accordance with IAS 17.
• As a finance lease lessor, leased assets are not capitalized, but the discounted leasing installments are shown as receivables.
• Movable tangible assets are depreciated using the straight-line method instead of the declining balance method; no half-year or multi-shift depreciation is used. Furthermore, useful lives are now based on commercial substance and no longer on tax law. Special depreciation for tax reasons is not permitted with IAS.
• Goodwill from capital consolidation resulting from acquisition of companies since 1995 is capitalized in accordance with IAS 22 and amortized over its respective useful life.
• In accordance with IAS 2, inventories must be valued at full cost. They were formerly capitalized only at direct cost within the Volkswagen Group.
• Provisions are only created where obligations to third parties exist.
• Differences from the translation of financial statements produced in foreign currencies are not recorded in the income statement.
• Mediumand long-term liabilities are entered in the balance sheet including capital take-up costs, applying the effective interest method.

Amended accounting, valuation and consolidation methods that differ from the German Commercial Code:
• In accordance with IAS 38, development costs are capitalized as intangible assets provided it is likely that the manufacture of the developed products will be of future economic benefit to the Volkswagen Group.
• Pension provisions are determined according to the Projected Unit Credit Method as set out in IAS 19, taking account of future salary and pension increases.
• Provisions for deferred maintenance may not be created.
• Mediumand long-term provisions are shown at their present value.
• Securities are recorded at their fair value, even if this exceeds cost, with the corresponding effect in the income statement.
• Deferred taxes are determined according to the balance sheet liability method. For losses carried forward deferred tax assets are recognized, provided it is likely that they will be usable.
• Derivative financial instruments are recognized at their fair value, even if it exceeds cost. Gains and losses arising from the valuation of financial instruments serving to hedge future cash flows are recognized by way of a special reserve in equity. The profit or loss from such contracts is not recorded in the income statement until the corresponding due date. In contrast, gains and losses arising from the valuation of derivative financial instruments used to hedge balance sheet items are recorded in the income statement immediately.
• Treasury shares are offset against capital and reserves.
• Receivables and payables denominated in foreign currencies are valued at the middle rate on the balance sheet date, and not according to the imparity principle.
• Minority interests of shareholders from outside the Group are shown separately from capital and reserves.

The adjustment of the accounting and valuation policies to International Accounting Standards with effect from January 1, 2000 was undertaken in accordance with SIC 8, with no entry in the income statement, as an allocation to or withdrawal from revenue reserves, as if the accounts had always been produced in accordance with IAS.

The reconciliation of the capital and reserves to IAS in shown in the following table:

Question:

What differences between the accounting requirements in the HGB and IAS are highlighted in Volkswagen’s disclosure? Are the German requirements consistent with your characterizations in requirement 1?

Find the mean, standard deviation, minimum, and maximum of these three variables and interpret briefly your findings

Test if there is a difference between the two political party affiliation of the administration in terms of the three variables.

You have downloaded the MS_Excel file with data on the prices of homes in two neighborhoods around the City of New York. The data is taken from Staten Island.

Using the MS_Excel, calculate:

a. The Average and the Standard Deviation for Sale Price for houses in the two neighborhoods

b. The Average and the Standard Deviation for Sale Price Per Square Foot for houses in the two neighborhoods

c. The Average and the Standard Deviation for Age of houses in the two neighborhoods. Please note that you must calculate the Age of each house sold. Take note also that all houses were sold in 2009.

d. Present you results on the Averages in tables and a charts.

e. List at least four reasons that you think that the Average price of houses in one neighborhood will be different from the other neighborhood.

Abstract
On September 20, 2016, Santosh Renjit, Senior Vice President of Ebroo Clothing Company, sat in his office
pondering the new capital budgeting proposal for setting up a product line of branded shirts. As per
standard company practice, he was required to evaluate the capital budgeting project using the traditional
Net Present Value (NPV) approach and the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) criterion and present his findings to
the management committee meeting scheduled for the next week. Santosh wondered whether this new
proposal would turn out to be a good investment for his company, which was looking to deploy funds in NPV
positive projects.

Introduction
Atop Santosh Ebroo’s desk was a capital budge5ng and investment proposal – a new product line of branded
shirts that the committee was considering for launch. As the head of the finance department, Santosh was
required to work along with his team on a detailed capital budgeting analysis and present the findings to the
management committee for their approval. As per standard company practice, each capital budgeting and
investment project was evaluated using the traditional Net Present Value (NPV) approach and the Internal
Rate of Return (IRR) criterion for determining whether the company would undertake the project or not.
budgeting traditional Net Present Value (NPV) approach and the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) criterion. What would be
the basis for calculating the after-tax opera5ng cash flows for the capital project? How would he arrive at
the depreciation and working capital requirements for computing the NPV? What would be the basis for
calculating the terminal year cash flows? With all these questions in mind, Santosh decided to focus on the
proposed capital budgeting project for the next few days.

Indian Retail Market
The Indian retail market is at the cusp of a sweet spot driven by strong GDP (Gross Domestic Product)
growth, benign inflation, and rising per capita income and purchasing power of consumers. Currently, the
retail industry accounts for more than ten percent of the Indian Gross Domestic Product and approximately
eight percent of employment. The industry is expected to nearly double, from US$600 billion in 2015 to
US$1 trillion by 2020, driven by income growth, urbanization, and attitudinal shifts (Indian Terrain Annual
Report, 2015–16). It has been es5mated that, by 2030, the Indian apparel market, in particular, is expected
to grow at a CAGR (compounded annual growth rate) of approximately 10–12%, backed by increasing
affordability on account of an increase in disposable incomes, an increase in aspirations, and a shift from
unbranded to branded products by the burgeoning middle class. This trend is likely to be further
accentuated by the rise of e-commerce companies that enable shopping from anywhere, thereby leading to
increased penetration in small cities and towns (Indian Terrain Annual Report, 2015–16).

Company Background
Ebroo Clothing is a small, privately-owned clothing company based in New Delhi, India. It was founded in
1995 by Sumit Ebroo, a retired executive. Since then, the company has grown steadily by catering to middle
to low income consumers in the Delhi-national Capital Region (NCR). The company recorded a stellar
growth of 50% in its sales during the last financial year of 2015–16. With a healthy operating margin ratio
and low leverage levels, the company had been able to grow its profits at a CAGR of 25% during the last 10
years. With a good brand name and healthy financial metrics, the company was now looking to expand its
footprint to new product lines catering to middle to high income customers.

Project Investment Proposal Details
The project is estimated to be of 10 years duration. It involves setting up new machinery with an estimated
cost of as much as INR 500 million, including installation. This amount could be depreciated using the
straight line method (SLM) over a period of 10 years with a resale value of INR 15 million. The project would
require an initial working capital of INR 20 million with cumulative investment in net working capital to be
maintained at 10% of each year’s projected revenue. With the planned new capacity, the company would be
able to produce 240,000 pieces of shirts each year for the next 10 years. In terms of pricing, each shirt can
initially be sold at INR 1,300, which takes into account the target segment and competitor pricing. The
project proposal incorporates an annual increase of 3% in the price of the shirt to compensate for
inflationary impact. With regards to the raw material costs and other expenses, the project estimated the
following details:
• Raw material cost for manufacturing shirts at INR 400 per shirt, slated to rise by 5% per annum on
account of inflation.
• Other direct manufacturing costs at INR 125 per shirt with an annual increase of 5% per annum on
account of inflation .
• Selling, general, and administrative expenses (including employee expenses) at INR 35 million per annum,
expected to increase by 10% each year.
• Deprecia5on expense on the basis of SLM.
• Tax rate is assumed to be 25%.

Funding
For funding of the expansion project, the promoters agreed to infuse 50% in the form of equity with the rest
(50%) being financed from issue of new debt. Based on the current credit position and market scenario, new
debt can be raised by the company at 12% per annum. Cost of equity was assumed to be 15% by Santosh.
He reckons the requisite discounting rate or weighted average cost of capital (WACC) for NPV and IRR
calculations may be determined with the help of these assumptions.

Demand Scenario
Although the project proposal estimates a maximum annual production of 240,000 shirts, Santosh would
like the capital budgeting analysis to be done under two demand scenarios: Optimistic and Expected. The
likely annual demand estimated under each scenario is as follows:
Scenario Annual Demand
Optimistic: 240,000 shirts
Expected: 200,000 shirts

Your Mandate

I. On the basis of the financial information given in the case, calculate the after-tax operating cash flows,
NPV, and IRR under the Optimistic and Expected scenarios. Clearly specify the calculations applied.
II. Based on your analysis, what recommendation would you make on whether the company should
undertake the project or not? Clearly specify the decision based on both the NPV and the IRR criteria.

Decision

Do you believe that Nike should use marketing dollars to advance social issues?

Given the negative backlash to the Kaepernick advertisement, what should Nike do now?

Has Nike Gone too Far

The Colin Kaepernick Advertisement

During the opening weekend of the 2018 National Football League (NFL) season, Nike introduced an ad campaign featuring former NFL quarterback Colin Kaepernick. This ad appeared two years after Kaepernick knelt as the US national anthem was played before his team’s games. In Nike’s ad, Kaepernick stated, “Believe in something. Even if it means sacrificing everything,” as an explicit reference to the fact that Kaepernick was no longer playing in the NFL the season after his protest. The ad created a contentious reaction from viewers. Some consumers even posted videos burning Nike gear or cutting Nike’s swoosh (a well-known Nike symbol) off their shoes. Even President Trump tweeted, “Nike is getting absolutely killed with anger and boycotts” (Bieler, 2018). In the midst of the controversy, Nike’s long-running successful advertising campaign “Just Do It” even seemed in jeopardy.

Nike History

Nike was founded as Blue Ribbon Sports in 1964 by a University of Oregon track athlete and his coach to distribute a Japanese shoe. By 1971, the company was manufacturing its own running shoe. The name changed to Nike in 1973 – the same year a design student received $35 for creating the ‘swoosh logo’ and Nike signed its first athlete endorser, tennis player Ilie Nastase. Over the decades, Nike made numerous innovations to its shoes such as air bags and computer chips in the soles. By 2017, Nike, with a 2.8% market share, was the largest supplier and manufacturer of athletic shoes and apparel in the world with North American revenues over $15 billion (Statista, 2018).

Nike’s Socially Relevant Advertising

Nike had long developed advertisements with a social message. When the ‘Just Do It’ campaign first launched in 1988, it featured an 80 year athlete who ran approximately 62,000 miles throughout his lifetime. A year later Nike’s ads featured a Paralympian to advocate for people with disabilities. In 1995, Nike ads featured an HIV-positive runner. In the same year Nike advocated for organized sports for female athletes. More recently, in 2017, Nike featured five Middle Eastern women in sports like boxing and skateboarding. These advertisements enhanced Nike’s reputation as an agent of change through sports.

Colin Kaepernick and the National Anthem

In August 2016, after refusing to stand for the US national anthem before his San Francisco 49ers team exhibition game. Afterward, Kaepernick stated "I am not going to stand up to show pride in a flag for a country that oppresses black people and people of color" (Wyche, 2016). During that game, Kaepernick was booed at every turn - when he entered the field to warm up, when he took a knee, and virtually every time the 49ers offense broke its huddle (Witz-NY Times, 2016). After the game, some fans burned their Kaepernick jerseys. Many argued that, while Kaepernick may be right to be upset by the thousands of people of color killed by police in the US, protesting the flag was not the appropriate way to create change. Others asked why he hates veterans - still others, why he hates America. Yet more people asked why he couldn’t just stick to football (Oluo, Guardian, 2016). His actions reverberated throughout the country, even making it into a presidential campaign speech when Donald Trump said, "Wouldn’t you love to see one of these NFL owners, when somebody disrespects our flag, to say, 'Get that son of bi**h off the field right now. Out. He’s fired!' (Barca, Forbes, 2018).

Reaction to Kaepernick’s kneeling, however, was not universally negative. Numerous NFL players, coaches, and owners stood behind Kaepernick’s right to kneel in protest to acts of injustice against African-Americans. Dallas sportscaster Dale Hansen wrote, "The young, black athletes are not disrespecting America or the military by taking a knee during the anthem. They are respecting the best thing about America” (Willingham CNN 2017).

Consumer Research on the Effect of the Kaepernick Advertisement

As the controversy around Nike’s 2018 ad swirled, several marketing research companies and universities examined immediate effects of the ad on Nike’s reputation:

• Morning Consult: About 24% of consumers now viewed the brand unfavorably, up from 7%. The percentage of Americans likely to purchase Nike products dropped 11% after the ad aired ( Morning Consult, 2018).
• Quinnipiac Poll: American voters 18-34 years old approved of Nike’s decision to run the ad 67% to 21% while voters over 65 disapprove 46%-39% (Quinnipiac, 2018).
• Harris Poll: 21% of the general public said they would stop buying Nike products; however, 19% said they would buy even more Nike products – including 29% of young males (Nike’s target market).
• Reuters: 72% of Americans said that they thought Kaepernick's behavior was unpatriotic. Another 61% said that they did not "support the stance Colin Kaepernick is taking and his decision not to stand during the national anthem” (Martis, 2018).

In the face of these opinion polling numbers however, sales appeared to be increasing rather than decreasing:

• Nike’s online sales initially jumped 31% (Martinez, Time, 2018)
• the number of products sold out in the 10 days before the ad came out, compared to the ten days after (September 3-13), increased by 61%
• the number of items sold out went from 703 for the 10 days prior to 1131 for the 10 days after the ad went public” (Martis, 2018)

Decision

Do you believe that Nike should use marketing dollars to advance social issues?

Given the negative backlash to the Kaepernick advertisement, what should Nike do now?

I. You have studied the chapters on unemployment and business cycles. Please review those chapters before you answer this question

1. a) Find the time series data (quarterly or monthly) on the unemployment rate, inflation rate and real GDP growth in the U.S. from 1980 to 2005, and discuss whether the Okun’s Law is valid or not. Then, discuss whether the Phillips curve exists in the U.S. economy( you have to report your data source and or the website).

2. b) Which recession is most severe in terms of its depth and the duration of unemployment?

3. c) Why unemployment rises when the economic is recovering? what kinds of unemployment is it ?

II. Monetary policy will have different impact on the equilibrium rate of interest and GDP. Try to draw three different IS curves with different slopes and show

1. a) The different impact of the same easy money policy on interest rate and GDP in these different IS curves

2. b) Monetary policy is most effective under what conditions ( which IS curve). Why ?

3. c) What determine the slopes of IS curve. Review chapter 14 on sticky price and flexible price model to answer the percentage distribution of both types of firms ,i.e. s vs ( 1-s) under different IS curves( hint : refer to the equations on. P. 408 and p. 411 that

   P=EP+{( 1-s)/a/s} ( ( Y-Y bar) p. 408 Y= Y bar + alpha ( P-EP). P. 411

Language is C# (i've got some code but it seems to not run correctly, would love a new take)

Create an Employee class with five fields: first name, last name, workID, yearStartedWked, and initSalary. It includes constructor(s) and properties to initialize values for all fields. Create an interface, SalaryCalculate, class that includes two functions: first,CalcYearWorked() function, it takes one parameter (currentyear) and calculates the number of year the worker has been working. The second function, CalcCurSalary() function that calculates the current year salary. Create a Worker classes that is derived from Employee and SalaryCalculate class. In Worker class, it includes two field, nYearWked and curSalary, and constructor(s). It defines the CalcYearWorked() function using (current year – yearStartedWked) and save it in the nYearWked variable. It also defines the CalcCurSalary() function that calculates the current year salary by using initial salary with 3% yearly increment. Create a Manager class that is derived from Worker class. In Manager class, it includes one field: yearPromo and constructor(s). Itincludes a CalcCurSalary function that calculate the current year salary by overriding the base class function using initial salary with 5% yearly increment plus 10% bonus. The manager’s salary calculates in two parts. It calculates as a worker before the year promoted and as a manager after the promotion. Write an application that reads the workers and managers information from files (“worker.txt” and “manager.txt”) and then creates the dynamic arrays of objects. Prompt the user for current year and display the workers’ and managers’ current information in separate groups: first and last name, ID, the year he/she has been working, and current salary.

Worker.txt

5
Hector
Alcoser
A001231
1999
24000
Anna
Alaniz
A001232
2001
34000
Lydia
Bean
A001233
2002
30000
Jorge
Botello
A001234
2005
40000
Pablo
Gonzalez
A001235
2007
35000

Manager.txt

3
Sam
Reza
M000411
1995
51000
2005
Jose
Perez
M000412
1998
55000
2002
Rachel
Pena
M000413
2000
48000
2010

What i Have:

/// Employee.cs ///

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;

namespace MyNamespace
{
public class Employee
{
private string firstName;

public string FirstName
{
get { return firstName; }
set { firstName = value; }
}
private string lastName;

public string LastName
{
get { return lastName; }
set { lastName = value; }
}
private int wordId;

public int WordId
{
get { return wordId; }
set { wordId = value; }
}
private int yearStartedWked;

public int YearStartedWked
{
get { return yearStartedWked; }
set { yearStartedWked = value; }
}
private double initSalary;

public double InitSalary
{
get { return initSalary; }
set { initSalary = value; }
}

public Employee()
{
firstName = "";
lastName = "";
wordId = 0;
yearStartedWked = 0;
initSalary = 0;
}

public Employee(string fN, string lN, int id, int yearStarted, double salary)
{
firstName = fN;
lastName = lN;
wordId = id;
yearStartedWked = yearStarted;
initSalary = salary;
}

}
}

/// SalaryCalculate.cs ///

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;

namespace MyNamespace
{
public interface SalaryCalculate
{
void CalcYearWorked(int currentYear);
void CalcCurSalary(int currentYear);
}
}

/// Worker.cs ///

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;

namespace MyNamespace
{
public class Worker : Employee, SalaryCalculate
{
private int nYearWked;

public int NYearWked
{
get { return nYearWked; }
set { nYearWked = value; }
}
private double curSalary;

public double CurSalary
{
get { return curSalary; }
set { curSalary = value; }
}

public Worker(string fN, string lN, int id, int yearStarted, double salary) : base(fN, lN, id, yearStarted, salary)
{
  
}

public void CalcYearWorked(int currentYear)
{
nYearWked = currentYear - YearStartedWked;
}

public void CalcCurSalary(int currentYear)
{
double salary = InitSalary;
for (int i = YearStartedWked; i <= currentYear; ++i)
{
salary *= 1.03;
}
CurSalary = salary;
}

}
}

/// Manager.cs ///

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;

namespace MyNamespace
{
public class Manager : Worker
{
private int yearPromo;

public int YearPromo
{
get { return yearPromo; }
set { yearPromo = value; }
}

public Manager(string fN, string lN, int id, int yearStarted, double salary, int yearPromo)
: base(fN, lN, id, yearStarted, salary)
{
this.yearPromo = yearPromo;
}

public void CalcCurSalary(int currentYear)
{
double salary = InitSalary;
for (int i = YearStartedWked; i <= currentYear; ++i)
{
if (i < yearPromo)
salary *= 1.03;
else
salary *= 1.05;
}
CurSalary = salary * 1.2; // 20% bonus
}

}
}

/// Main.cs ///

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using System.IO;

namespace MyNamespace
{
class EmployeeMain
{
public static void Main()
{
List<Worker> employees = new List<Worker>();
using (StreamReader sr = new StreamReader(new FileStream("worker.txt", FileMode.Open)))
{
string line;

while((line = sr.ReadLine()) != null)
{
string[] words = line.Split(' ');
employees.Add(new Worker(words[0], words[1], Convert.ToInt32(words[2]), Convert.ToInt32(words[3]), Convert.ToDouble(words[4])));
}
}
List<Manager> managers = new List<Manager>();
using (StreamReader sr = new StreamReader(new FileStream("manager.txt", FileMode.Open)))
{
string line;
while ((line = sr.ReadLine()) != null)
{
string[] words = line.Split(' ');
managers.Add(new Manager(words[0], words[1], Convert.ToInt32(words[2]), Convert.ToInt32(words[3]), Convert.ToDouble(words[4]), Convert.ToInt32(words[5])));
}
}
Console.Write("Enter current year: ");
int year = Convert.ToInt32(Console.ReadLine());
for (int i = 0; i < employees.Count; ++i)
{
employees[i].CalcYearWorked(year);
employees[i].CalcCurSalary(year);
Console.WriteLine("Worker: " + employees[i].LastName + ", " + employees[i].FirstName + "'s salary is: " + employees[i].CurSalary + " and worked a total of " + employees[i].NYearWked + " years.");
}
for (int i = 0; i < managers.Count; ++i)
{
managers[i].CalcYearWorked(year);
managers[i].CalcCurSalary(year);
Console.WriteLine("Manager: " + managers[i].LastName + ", " + managers[i].FirstName + "'s salary is: " + managers[i].CurSalary + " and worked a total of " + managers[i].NYearWked + " years.");
}
}
}
}

HELP:

The error that is constantly showing up is the index is out of bounds of the array with the source being LINE 21 in the EmployeeMain Class.

Case 3

In the 1980s and early 1990s, U.S. domestic automobile manufacturers, especially General Motors, were in turmoil. Dire headlines in business newspapers and magazines predicted a gloomy future: "Can GM Remodel Itself?" "May We Help You Kick the Tires," "Rude Awakening: The Rise, Fall, and Struggle for Recovery of General Motors," "GM Is Spreading the Gospel According to Toyota," "War, Recession, Gas Hikes . . . GM's Turnaround Will Have to Wait," "General Motors: What Went Wrong?" and "Can GM Fix Itself?" The list is endless. According to John F. Smith, Jr., chief executive officer and president of General Motors, "All of the well-publicized difficulties we faced in the past few years were in a sense the overdue wake-up call. GM's success had made it easy to ignore the significance of change and the signs of potential future problems." To try to solve its problems and increase competitiveness, in 1984 GM created a new division that focused on larger luxury cars-the Buicks, Oldsmobiles, and Cadillacs. The result was that by 1987 all the cars produced by this division began to look alike and buyers grew wary of GM's products. Cadillac buyers did not know why they were paying more for a car that looked just like GM's other less expensive models, like Buicks, and sales of Cadillacs plummeted. Realizing their mistake, GM's top management reorganized the company to give control of engineering and design back to the separate divisions. The Cadillac division benefited the most from this restructuring. To turn the division around, Cadillac was granted its own engineering team in 1988 and moved quickly to create a new identity for the line. Once again in control of its decision making, Cadillac managers lengthened the cars two inches, totally restyled them, increased advertising, and used direct mail to promote test drives. By 1990 Cadillac had gross profit margins of 40 to 50 percent, compared to 30 percent for the rest of GM's divisions. The Cadillac division had become very successful, launching redesigned models in 1991, 1992, and 1993. Their sales have been growing steadily, especially as the rising value of the yen has made Japanese luxury cars like the Lexus and Infiniti relatively expensive. In 1990 GM's Cadillac division won the prestigious 1990 Malcolm Baldrige Quality Award. According to David A. Garvin and Robert and Jane Cizik, professors of business administration at the Harvard Business School, the award "has become the most important catalyst for transforming American business." In 1992 GM introduced the very successful Cadillac Seville STS and successfully marketed the model against Toyota's Lexus and Germany's Mercedes. Even after all the improvements, however, the plant that produced the Cadillac Seville STS still ran at only 50 percent capacity. But Cadillac continued its leadership of the luxury car market for the forty-fifth year with 1993 sales again exceeding 200,000 units. What follows is the summary of remarks made by John Grettenberger, vice president and general manager of GM's Cadillac Motor Division, to the shareholders who attended the annual meeting on May 20, 1994. Our Cadillac team has come a long way, and we are now stronger than ever. We have been spending the last six years transforming our product to prepare for the challenges of the twenty-first century. Our quality and reliability have been recognized by customers and industry analysts. Recently Cadillac was named number one in vehicle dependability by J. D. Power & Associates, the industry analysts. It is the first time that a domestic car has topped that list. In a five-year ownership rating, Cadillac holds the number-1 ranking among the luxury cars. Cadillac was the only company in the industry to redesign its entire product line. Eight all-new models hit the market in just three years. The 1992 Seville and the Eldorado were first of the new generation to reach dealers, and 1992 Seville STS won the most prestigious awards in the industry, including the Motor Trend Car of the Year. In the following year, GM introduced the Northstar system to the Seville Touring Sedan and the Eldorado Touring Coupe, and the car won another fifteen editorial awards. The Northstar system has established Cadillac's tradition for innovation and technological leadership. Customers know the Northstar system by name and use it as a benchmark when comparison shopping. The year 1995 marked the eightieth anniversary of the first Cadillac V8, and eighty years later it is still setting the industry standards in power-train technology. Cadillac's world-class vehicle systems are the key to the sales success of the Seville and the Eldorado, and the model year sales have improved over 110 percent between 1991 and 1993. Continued improvement is expected for the 1994 model year. The Cadillac division has successfully attracted new buyers to Cadillac. The division made major inroads with young, affluent buyers who tend to prefer imports. The average age of buyers is decreasing. These young buyers, both male and female, are import-oriented and prefer sporty, contemporary cars with a feel-of-the-road handling. Two important new groups of Cadillac buyers are affluent women and African Americans. Cadillac is setting new standards for the capability, competency, and overall balance of the large luxury sedan with the introduction of the all-new 1994 Cadillac DeVille Concours. The DeVille Concours is a fully equipped, six-passenger sedan with Cadillac's exclusive Northstar system. The 270-horsepower Northstar V8 engine establishes the DeVille Concours as the most powerful front-wheel-drive, six-passenger sedan in the world. The DeVille Concours is newly designed, with comprehensive climate controls, precision instrumentation, ergonomically designed leather seating areas, and an all-new, eleven-speaker Delco Electronics Active Audio System. The base price? $37,990.

Questions:

1. Why was the U.S. automobile industry in a tailspin during the 1980s and the early 1990s?
2. What was GM's focus in 1984 to solve its problems? What were the results?

General Requirements:

• You should create your programs with good programming style and form using proper blank spaces, indentation and braces to make your code easy to read and understand;

• You should create identifiers with sensible names;

• You should make comments to describe your code segments where they are necessary for readers to understand what your code intends to achieve.

• Logical structures and statements are properly used for specific purposes.

Objectives
This assignment requires you to write a program in Java that calculates the day of week and the week of month for a given date, as well as to print the calendar of the month where the given date exists. Please note, you are not allowed to use any date based classes predefined in Java JDK.
Background




For a given date, we can use the Gregorian calendar to find the corresponding the day of the week, and the week of the month. For example, May 25 2019 is a Saturday and locates in the fourth week of May 2019. In general, we can use the following formula (Zeller’s congruence) to calculate the day of a week for any given date after October 15 1582.



where
• h is the day of the week (0 = Saturday, 1 = Sunday, 2 = Monday, 3=Tuesday, 4=Wednesday, 5=Thursday, 6 = Friday)

• q is the day of the month

• m is the month (3 = March, 4 = April, 5 = May, 6=June, 7=July, 8=August, 9=September, 10=October, 11=November, 12=December, 13=January, 14 = February)

• K is the year of the century (year mod 100).

• J is the zero-based century (year/100). For example, the zero-based centuries for 1995 and 2000 are 19 and 20 respectively.
For example, For 1 January 2000, the date would be treated as the 13th month of 1999, so the values would be: q=1, m=13, K=99, J=19, so the formula is
h = (1+[13*(13+1)/5]+99+[99/4]+[19/4]+5*19) mod 7 = (1+[182/5]+99+[99/4]+[19/4]+95) mod 7 = (1+[36.4]+99+[24.75]+[4.75]+95) mod 7 = (1+36+99+24+4+95) mod 7 = 0 = Saturday

However, for 1 March 2000, the date is treated as the 3rd month of 2000, so the values become q=1, m=3, K=00, J=20, so the formula is

h = (1+[13*(3+1)/5]+00+[00/4]+[20/4]+5*20] mod 7 = (1+[10.4]+0+0+5+100) mod 7 = (1+10+5+100) mod 7 = 4 = Wednesday






Tasks You will create one program called MyCalendar.java. You should first implement the MyCalendar and MyDate classes from the following UML class diagrams. You can add extra attributes and methods, but the attributes and methods shown in the UML diagrams can’t be modified.

  

MyCalendar - myDate: MyDate - day: Day + Main(String[] args) + MyCalendar(MyDate myDate) + dayOfWeek(): Day + weekOfMonth(): int + printCalendar(): void
• Day is an enumeration data type which contains the days of the week, i.e., Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, and Sunday. • MyCalendar(MyDate myDate)is the construction method of the class MyCalendar. • dayOfWeek() method will return the day of the week for myDate. • weekOfMonth() method will return the week of the month for myDate. • printCalendar() method will print the calendar of the month for myDate. • Main(String[] args) method will read a given date from the command line, the format of the given date is dd/mm/yyyy. You can assume the date input format is always correct, but the input date may be invalid. For example, 31/02/2017 is not a valid date. If the input date is not a valid date, the program will ask user to input another valid date through keyboard. This process will be repeated until a valid date is input by the user. The valid input date will be used to create the object (myDate) of class MyDate, then the object (myCalendar) of class MyCalendar. The dayOfWeek() method, weekOfMonth() method, and printCalendar() method of myCalendar object will be called to display the day of the week, the week of the month, and the calendar of the month for the input date by the user.


MyDate
- day: int - month: int - year: int + MyDate(int day, int month, int year) + getDay(): int + getMonth(): int + getYear(): int + isDateValid(): boolean
• MyDate(int day, int month, int year) is the constructor of the class MyDate. • getDay() method returns the day of myDate object. • getMonth() method returns the month of myDate object. • getYear() method returns the year of myDate object. • isDateValid() method returns a Boolean value, i.e., a true when the myDate object is valid, and a false otherwise (notes: January, March, May, July, August, October, December has 31 days. April, June, September, November has 30 days. February has 29 days in a leap year, and 28 days in a common year.).

  
Your program must have the exact same output as the following example. Example of the program output:
java MyCalendar 29/02/2019 29/02/2019 in not a valid date, please re-input a valid date: 25/05/2019 25/05/2019 is a Saturday and located in the fourth week of May 2019 The calendar of May 2019 is:
SUN MON TUE WED THU FRI SAT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
(Note: Each column indicates a day and the column width are fixed to 3 characters. The distance between two adjacent columns is fixed to three characters as well.)

This is a javascript assignment/study guide for an exam. There are 25 steps that are outlined by // comments...

<html>
<head>
<style type="text/css">
body {font-family:Comic Sans MS;}
</style>
<script language="javascript">
<!--
function fred()
{
//
// There are 25 questions related to the HTML objects shown on the page
// They are all in the form named "twocities".
//
// Each part of the assignment below instructs you to manipulate or examine
// the value of the HTML elements and place an answer in one
// of twenty-five span blocks that appear on this page.
//
// e.g., for span block named "ans1" you will say:
//
// ans1.innerHTML = "some string";
//
//
// the questions 1 through 15 below use the string value from the textarea named "begins"
// stored in a variable named "beg" like this:

beg=document.twocities.begins.value;
len_beg=beg.length;
//
// *** First remove all the periods, commas and hyphens from the "beg" string before you answer questions 1 through 15
//

//
// ***(1) how many words are the string named "beg"? (words not characters)
// *** show the answer in the span block with id = "ans1"
//

//
// ***(2) store words in the string "beg" in an array.
// *** show the first and last elements of the array in the span block with id="ans2"
//

//
// ***(3) show each word in the array produced in (2) above on one line separated by commas
// *** in the span block with id="ans3"
//

//
// ***(4) create a new string using the value of "beg" where all the characters are capitalized
// *** show the new string in the span block with id="ans4"
//

//
// ***(5) count the number of times the letters "a", "e", "i", "o", "u" appear in the string "beg"
// *** show these 5 counts on one line separated by commas in the span block with id="ans5"
//

//
// ***(6) show the location of each occurence of the character "e" in the string "beg"
// *** on one line separated by commas in the span block with id="ans6"
//

//
// ***(7) show the location where each word begins in the string named "beg"
// *** show the answers on one line separated by commas in the span block with id="ans7"
//

//
// ***(8) place the words in the string "beg" in a table with a one pixel border,
// *** with a gray backgound. Use only ten cells per row. Empty cells should contain
// *** the word "null". Show the table in the span block with id="ans8"
//

//
// ***(9) replace each occurence of the blank character in "beg" with the character "*"
// *** show the result in the span block with id="ans9"
//

//
// ***(10) sort the words in array created in (2) into alphabetical order
// *** show the results in the span block with id="ans10" on a single line
//

//
// ***(11) show the ASCII character number of each character in the string "beg"
// *** separate each value with a comma and place the result on a single line in the span block
// *** with id="ans11"
//

//
// ***(12) count the number of words in the string "beg" that have 2,3,4,5 or 6 characters
// *** show these five counts on a single line separated by commas in the span block with id="ans12"
//

//
// ***(13) create a new string that contains the words in the string "beg" in reverse order
// *** show this new string on a single line in the span block with id="ans13"
//

//
// ***(14) create a new string that contains the characters in the string "beg" in all capital letters
// *** show this new string on a single line in the span block with id="ans14"
//

//
// ***(15) store the number of times the letter "a" appears in the string "beg" in 1st location;
// *** store the number of times the letter "b" appears in the string "beg" in 2nd location;
// *** store the number of times the letter "c" appears in the string "beg" in 3rd location;
// *** store the number of times the letter "d" appears in the string "beg" in 4th location;
// *** etc.
// *** show the 26 counts on one line separated by commas in the span block with id="ans15"
//

//
// ***(16) Examine the radio buttons and produce a list of the three "values" of the radios buttons separated by commas on a single line
// in the span block with id="ans16"

//
// ***(17) Show the value of the radio button which is checked and its elements number separated by a comma on a line by itself
// *** in the span block with id="ans17"
//

//
// *** (18) Show the elements number and value of the six checkboxes in a six-row, two-column table with a 2 pixel border
// *** in the span block with id="ans18"
//

//
// ***(19) Examine the checkboxes and produce a list of the "values" of the checkboxes that are checked. Separated the values by commas on a single line
//

//
// ***(20) Show the values of all the options in the select (drop down menu) named "book3chapters" in an fifteen-column one row table with a 2 pixel border border
// *** in the span block with id="ans20"
//

//
// ***(21) Show the value of the select (drop down menu) named "book3chapters" which is selected and its selectedIndex value separated by a comma on a line by itself
// *** in the span block with id="ans21"
//

//
// *** Retrieve the value of the textarea named "beg" again and store it in a variable named "beg2", DO NOT REMOVE ANY CHARACTERS
// *** You will use this string for questions 22 and 23

//
// *** (22) Show the text phrases that are separated by commas in the string "beg2" . Each phrase should be on a line by itself.
// *** Place the result in the span block with id="ans22"
//

//
// *** (23) Capitalize the first letter of each phrase from #22 bove (phrases are separated by commas) in the original string "beg2".
// *** Place each phrase should be on a line by itself.
// *** Place the result in the span block with id="ans23"
//
//
// *** (24) Make the third radio button ("The Track of The Storm") checked.
// *** Make ALL six of the checkboxes be checked.
// *** Make the select named "book3chapters" (the drop down menu) show "Fifty-Two" as the selection
// *** Place the string "DONE!" in the span block with id="ans24"

//
// *** (25) Place the famous last line of the book (without quotes) in the span block with id="ans25"
//

}
-->
</script>
</head>
<body>
<CENTER>
<TABLE border="2" width="100%">
<TR><TD width="120" valign="middle" align="center" bgColor="#bbbbbb"><center><IMG align="top" alt="capt webb" border=2 src="captsm.gif"><BR><span STYLE="font-size:8px">Capt. Horatio T.P. Webb</span></center></TD>
<TD valign="middle" bgColor="#bbbbbb" colSpan="2" align="center"><center><B>ASSIGNMENT #1 Javascript<br>MIS 3371 Transaction Processing I<BR>Parks -- Spring 2016</B><BR><span STYLE="font-size:10px">Version 1 -- Last Updated 9:00 AM 1/12/2016</span></center></TD></TR></table></center>
The text used in this assignment is from Charles Dicken's novel "A Tale of Two Cities" written in 1859<br>Read it at the free online book site:<br>Project Gutenberg: <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/98/pg98.txt">http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/98/pg98.txt</a>
<form name="twocities">
<p>All the HTML elements below are in a form named "twocities". View "Source" to see the 25 questions.
<p>
<table border="1" cellspacing="0" width="100%">
<tr><td valign="top">1. The textarea below is named <b>begins</b><br>It contains the opening text of the book (form elements number 0)
<br><textarea style="margin:6px;" name="begins" rows="10" cols="80">It was the best of times, it was the worst of times,
it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness,
it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity,
it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness,
it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair,
we had everything before us, we had nothing before us,
we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way --
in short, the period was so far like the present period,
that some of its noisiest authorities insisted on its being received,
for good or for evil, in the superlative degree of comparison only.</textarea></td>
<td valign="top">2. The novel "A Tale of Two Cities" is divided into 3 books named below.<br>
There are 3 radio buttons below are named: <b>books</b><br>(form elements 1 &rarr; 3).
<br>Their values are: "1", "2" and "3"
<p><input type="radio" name="books" value="1" checked> Recalled To Life&nbsp;
<br><input type="radio" name="books" value="2"> The Golden Thread&nbsp;
<br><input type="radio" name="books" value="3"> The Track of The Storm&nbsp;
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td valign="top">3. The titles of the six chapters of the first book are shown below.
<br>The 6 checkboxes below are named: <b>c1</b> &rarr; <b>c6</b> (form elements 4 &rarr; 9). <br>
Their values are the same as the text that appear to the right of each checkbox.
<br>&nbsp;<input type="checkbox" name="c1" value="The Period">The Period
<br>&nbsp;<input type="checkbox" name="c2" value="The Mail" checked>The Mail
<br>&nbsp;<input type="checkbox" name="c3" value="The Night Shadows">The Night Shadows
<br>&nbsp;<input type="checkbox" name="c4" value="The Prepartion" checked>The Preparation
<br>&nbsp;<input type="checkbox" name="c5" value="The Wine Shop">The Wine-shop
<br>&nbsp;<input type="checkbox" name="c6" value="The Shoemaker" checked>The Shoemaker</b>
</td><td valign="top">4. The select (drop down menu) below is named <b>book3chapters</b>
<br>(form elements number 10).
<br>The fifteen options are the titles of the fifteen chapters in Book 3.
<br>The values of the 15 options are the same as the option text shown on the select below:
<p>
<select name="book3chapters">
<option value="In Secret">In Secret
<option value="The Grindstone">The Grindstone
<option value="The Shadow">The Shadow
<option value="Calm in Storm">Calm in Storm
<option value="The Wood-sawyer">The Wood-sawyer
<option value="Triumph">Triumph
<option value="A Knock at the Door">A Knock at the Door
<option value="A Hand at Cards">A Hand at Cards
<option value="The Game Made">The Game Made
<option value="The Substance of the Shadow">The Substance of the Shadow
<option value="Dusk">Dusk
<option value="Darkness">Darkness
<option value="Fifty-two">Fifty-two
<option value="The Knitting Done">The Knitting Done
<option value="The Footsteps Die Out For Ever">The Footsteps Die Out For Ever
</select></b></td></tr></table>
</form>
<p>
<ol>
<li><span id="ans1">Contents of the span block with id="LuL"</span>
<li><span id="ans2">Contents of the span block with id="ans2"</span>
<li><span id="ans3">Contents of the span block with id="ans3"</span>
<li><span id="ans4">Contents of the span block with id="ans4"</span>
<li><span id="ans5">Contents of the span block with id="ans5"</span>
<li><span id="ans6">Contents of the span block with id="ans6"</span>
<li><span id="ans7">Contents of the span block with id="ans7"</span>
<li><span id="ans8">Contents of the span block with id="ans8"</span>
<li><span id="ans9">Contents of the span block with id="ans9"</span>
<li><span id="ans10">Contents of the span block with id="ans10"</span>
<li><span id="ans11">Contents of the span block with id="ans11"</span>
<li><span id="ans12">Contents of the span block with id="ans12"</span>
<li><span id="ans13">Contents of the span block with id="ans13"</span>
<li><span id="ans14">Contents of the span block with id="ans14"</span>
<li><span id="ans15">Contents of the span block with id="ans15"</span>
<li><span id="ans16">Contents of the span block with id="ans16"</span>
<li><span id="ans17">Contents of the span block with id="ans17"</span>
<li><span id="ans18">Contents of the span block with id="ans18"</span>
<li><span id="ans19">Contents of the span block with id="ans19"</span>
<li><span id="ans20">Contents of the span block with id="ans20"</span>
<li><span id="ans21">Contents of the span block with id="ans21"</span>
<li><span id="ans22">Contents of the span block with id="ans22"</span>
<li><span id="ans23">Contents of the span block with id="ans23"</span>
<li><span id="ans24">Contents of the span block with id="ans24"</span>
<li><span id="ans25">Contents of the span block with id="ans25"</span>
</ol>
<br><input type="button" value="this button executes the function fred()" onClick="fred()">
</body>
</HTML>